tests/multiplicative_structure.test.cpp

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• Last update: 2026-02-21 18:33:47+09:00

Depends on

• std::abs(x) extended for my library (tools/abs.hpp)
• Concept for arithmetic types including tools::int128_t and tools::uint128_t (tools/arithmetic.hpp)
• Concept for a type that can be passed for range adaptors multi times (tools/available_for_multiple_range_adaptors.hpp)
• $2^{\left\lceil \log_2(x) \right\rceil}$ (tools/bit_ceil.hpp)
• $2^{\left\lfloor \log_2(x) \right\rfloor}$ (tools/bit_floor.hpp)
• Bit width required to represent a given integer (tools/bit_width.hpp)
• $\left\lceil \log_2(x) \right\rceil$ (tools/ceil_log2.hpp)
• Concept for commutative group (tools/commutative_group.hpp)
• Concept for commutative monoid (tools/commutative_monoid.hpp)
• Concept for std::complex (tools/complex.hpp)
• Convolution (tools/convolution.hpp)
• Number of trailing zeros (tools/countr_zero.hpp)
• tools/detail/int128_t_and_uint128_t.hpp
• std::exp(x) extended for my library (tools/exp.hpp)
• Formal power series (tools/fps.hpp)
• Garner's algorithm for $\mathbb{Z} / M_1 \mathbb{Z}$, $\mathbb{Z} / M_2 \mathbb{Z}$ and $\mathbb{Z} / M_3 \mathbb{Z}$ (tools/garner3.hpp)
• std::gcd(m, n) extended for my library (tools/gcd.hpp)
• Concept for group (tools/group.hpp)
• Typical groups (tools/groups.hpp)
• Check whether a given integer is $2^n$ (tools/has_single_bit.hpp)
• Combine hash values (tools/hash_combine.hpp)
• 128-bit signed integer (tools/int128_t.hpp)
• Concept for integral types including tools::int128_t and tools::uint128_t (tools/integral.hpp)
• std::is_integral extended for tools::int128_t and tools::uint128_t (tools/is_integral.hpp)
• Miller-Rabin primality test (tools/is_prime.hpp)
• std::is_signed extended for tools::int128_t and tools::uint128_t (tools/is_signed.hpp)
• std::is_unsigned extended for tools::int128_t and tools::uint128_t (tools/is_unsigned.hpp)
• std::less by first (tools/less_by_first.hpp)
• std::log(x) extended for my library (tools/log.hpp)
• std::make_signed extended for tools::int128_t and tools::uint128_t (tools/make_signed.hpp)
• std::make_unsigned extended for tools::int128_t and tools::uint128_t (tools/make_unsigned.hpp)
• Minimum non-negative reminder (tools/mod.hpp)
• Concept for atcoder::static_modint and atcoder::dynamic_modint (tools/modint.hpp)
• Concept for a type compatible with atcoder::static_modint (tools/modint_compatible.hpp)
• Concept for monoid (tools/monoid.hpp)
• Typical monoids (tools/monoids.hpp)
• Automatically deduced multiplicative structure (tools/multiplicative_structure.hpp)
• Concept for a mutable type (tools/mutable_type.hpp)
• tools::integral except for bool (tools/non_bool_integral.hpp)
• The number of nanoseconds that have elapsed since epoch (tools/now.hpp)
• Permutation (tools/permutation.hpp)
• Popcount (tools/popcount.hpp)
• $b^n$ under a given monoid, and std::pow(b, n) extended for my library (tools/pow.hpp)
• $2^x$ (tools/pow2.hpp)
• $x^y \pmod{M}$ (tools/pow_mod.hpp)
• Concept for atcoder::static_modint such that its modulo is a prime (tools/prime_static_modint.hpp)
• $x \cdot y \pmod{M}$ (tools/prod_mod.hpp)
• Concept for ring (tools/ring.hpp)
• Typical rings (tools/rings.hpp)
• Concept for semiring (tools/semiring.hpp)
• Typical semirings (tools/semirings.hpp)
• Concept for the specialized type of U (tools/specialization_of.hpp)
• $x^2$ under a given monoid (tools/square.hpp)
• 128-bit unsigned integer (tools/uint128_t.hpp)

Code

// competitive-verifier: STANDALONE

#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
#include "atcoder/modint.hpp"
#include "tools/multiplicative_structure.hpp"
#include "tools/groups.hpp"
#include "tools/fps.hpp"
#include "tools/int128_t.hpp"
#include "tools/monoids.hpp"
#include "tools/permutation.hpp"

int main() {
  std::cin.tie(nullptr);
  std::ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);

  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<int>, tools::monoids::multiplies<int>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<tools::int128_t>, tools::monoids::multiplies<tools::int128_t>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<double>, tools::groups::multiplies<double>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<std::complex<double>>, tools::groups::multiplies<std::complex<double>>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<atcoder::modint998244353>, tools::groups::multiplies<atcoder::modint998244353>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<atcoder::static_modint<4>>, tools::monoids::multiplies<atcoder::static_modint<4>>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<atcoder::modint>, tools::groups::multiplies<atcoder::modint>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<tools::fps<atcoder::modint998244353>>, tools::groups::multiplies<tools::fps<atcoder::modint998244353>>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<tools::permutation<int>>, tools::monoids::multiplies<tools::permutation<int>>>);

  return 0;
}

#line 1 "tests/multiplicative_structure.test.cpp"
// competitive-verifier: STANDALONE

#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
#line 1 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/modint.hpp"



#include <cassert>
#include <numeric>
#include <type_traits>

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <intrin.h>
#endif

#line 1 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/internal_math.hpp"



#include <utility>

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <intrin.h>
#endif

namespace atcoder {

namespace internal {

// @param m `1 <= m`
// @return x mod m
constexpr long long safe_mod(long long x, long long m) {
    x %= m;
    if (x < 0) x += m;
    return x;
}

// Fast modular multiplication by barrett reduction
// Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_reduction
// NOTE: reconsider after Ice Lake
struct barrett {
    unsigned int _m;
    unsigned long long im;

    // @param m `1 <= m`
    explicit barrett(unsigned int m) : _m(m), im((unsigned long long)(-1) / m + 1) {}

    // @return m
    unsigned int umod() const { return _m; }

    // @param a `0 <= a < m`
    // @param b `0 <= b < m`
    // @return `a * b % m`
    unsigned int mul(unsigned int a, unsigned int b) const {
        // [1] m = 1
        // a = b = im = 0, so okay

        // [2] m >= 2
        // im = ceil(2^64 / m)
        // -> im * m = 2^64 + r (0 <= r < m)
        // let z = a*b = c*m + d (0 <= c, d < m)
        // a*b * im = (c*m + d) * im = c*(im*m) + d*im = c*2^64 + c*r + d*im
        // c*r + d*im < m * m + m * im < m * m + 2^64 + m <= 2^64 + m * (m + 1) < 2^64 * 2
        // ((ab * im) >> 64) == c or c + 1
        unsigned long long z = a;
        z *= b;
#ifdef _MSC_VER
        unsigned long long x;
        _umul128(z, im, &x);
#else
        unsigned long long x =
            (unsigned long long)(((unsigned __int128)(z)*im) >> 64);
#endif
        unsigned long long y = x * _m;
        return (unsigned int)(z - y + (z < y ? _m : 0));
    }
};

// @param n `0 <= n`
// @param m `1 <= m`
// @return `(x ** n) % m`
constexpr long long pow_mod_constexpr(long long x, long long n, int m) {
    if (m == 1) return 0;
    unsigned int _m = (unsigned int)(m);
    unsigned long long r = 1;
    unsigned long long y = safe_mod(x, m);
    while (n) {
        if (n & 1) r = (r * y) % _m;
        y = (y * y) % _m;
        n >>= 1;
    }
    return r;
}

// Reference:
// M. Forisek and J. Jancina,
// Fast Primality Testing for Integers That Fit into a Machine Word
// @param n `0 <= n`
constexpr bool is_prime_constexpr(int n) {
    if (n <= 1) return false;
    if (n == 2 || n == 7 || n == 61) return true;
    if (n % 2 == 0) return false;
    long long d = n - 1;
    while (d % 2 == 0) d /= 2;
    constexpr long long bases[3] = {2, 7, 61};
    for (long long a : bases) {
        long long t = d;
        long long y = pow_mod_constexpr(a, t, n);
        while (t != n - 1 && y != 1 && y != n - 1) {
            y = y * y % n;
            t <<= 1;
        }
        if (y != n - 1 && t % 2 == 0) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}
template <int n> constexpr bool is_prime = is_prime_constexpr(n);

// @param b `1 <= b`
// @return pair(g, x) s.t. g = gcd(a, b), xa = g (mod b), 0 <= x < b/g
constexpr std::pair<long long, long long> inv_gcd(long long a, long long b) {
    a = safe_mod(a, b);
    if (a == 0) return {b, 0};

    // Contracts:
    // [1] s - m0 * a = 0 (mod b)
    // [2] t - m1 * a = 0 (mod b)
    // [3] s * |m1| + t * |m0| <= b
    long long s = b, t = a;
    long long m0 = 0, m1 = 1;

    while (t) {
        long long u = s / t;
        s -= t * u;
        m0 -= m1 * u;  // |m1 * u| <= |m1| * s <= b

        // [3]:
        // (s - t * u) * |m1| + t * |m0 - m1 * u|
        // <= s * |m1| - t * u * |m1| + t * (|m0| + |m1| * u)
        // = s * |m1| + t * |m0| <= b

        auto tmp = s;
        s = t;
        t = tmp;
        tmp = m0;
        m0 = m1;
        m1 = tmp;
    }
    // by [3]: |m0| <= b/g
    // by g != b: |m0| < b/g
    if (m0 < 0) m0 += b / s;
    return {s, m0};
}

// Compile time primitive root
// @param m must be prime
// @return primitive root (and minimum in now)
constexpr int primitive_root_constexpr(int m) {
    if (m == 2) return 1;
    if (m == 167772161) return 3;
    if (m == 469762049) return 3;
    if (m == 754974721) return 11;
    if (m == 998244353) return 3;
    int divs[20] = {};
    divs[0] = 2;
    int cnt = 1;
    int x = (m - 1) / 2;
    while (x % 2 == 0) x /= 2;
    for (int i = 3; (long long)(i)*i <= x; i += 2) {
        if (x % i == 0) {
            divs[cnt++] = i;
            while (x % i == 0) {
                x /= i;
            }
        }
    }
    if (x > 1) {
        divs[cnt++] = x;
    }
    for (int g = 2;; g++) {
        bool ok = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
            if (pow_mod_constexpr(g, (m - 1) / divs[i], m) == 1) {
                ok = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (ok) return g;
    }
}
template <int m> constexpr int primitive_root = primitive_root_constexpr(m);

// @param n `n < 2^32`
// @param m `1 <= m < 2^32`
// @return sum_{i=0}^{n-1} floor((ai + b) / m) (mod 2^64)
unsigned long long floor_sum_unsigned(unsigned long long n,
                                      unsigned long long m,
                                      unsigned long long a,
                                      unsigned long long b) {
    unsigned long long ans = 0;
    while (true) {
        if (a >= m) {
            ans += n * (n - 1) / 2 * (a / m);
            a %= m;
        }
        if (b >= m) {
            ans += n * (b / m);
            b %= m;
        }

        unsigned long long y_max = a * n + b;
        if (y_max < m) break;
        // y_max < m * (n + 1)
        // floor(y_max / m) <= n
        n = (unsigned long long)(y_max / m);
        b = (unsigned long long)(y_max % m);
        std::swap(m, a);
    }
    return ans;
}

}  // namespace internal

}  // namespace atcoder


#line 1 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/internal_type_traits.hpp"



#line 7 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/internal_type_traits.hpp"

namespace atcoder {

namespace internal {

#ifndef _MSC_VER
template <class T>
using is_signed_int128 =
    typename std::conditional<std::is_same<T, __int128_t>::value ||
                                  std::is_same<T, __int128>::value,
                              std::true_type,
                              std::false_type>::type;

template <class T>
using is_unsigned_int128 =
    typename std::conditional<std::is_same<T, __uint128_t>::value ||
                                  std::is_same<T, unsigned __int128>::value,
                              std::true_type,
                              std::false_type>::type;

template <class T>
using make_unsigned_int128 =
    typename std::conditional<std::is_same<T, __int128_t>::value,
                              __uint128_t,
                              unsigned __int128>;

template <class T>
using is_integral = typename std::conditional<std::is_integral<T>::value ||
                                                  is_signed_int128<T>::value ||
                                                  is_unsigned_int128<T>::value,
                                              std::true_type,
                                              std::false_type>::type;

template <class T>
using is_signed_int = typename std::conditional<(is_integral<T>::value &&
                                                 std::is_signed<T>::value) ||
                                                    is_signed_int128<T>::value,
                                                std::true_type,
                                                std::false_type>::type;

template <class T>
using is_unsigned_int =
    typename std::conditional<(is_integral<T>::value &&
                               std::is_unsigned<T>::value) ||
                                  is_unsigned_int128<T>::value,
                              std::true_type,
                              std::false_type>::type;

template <class T>
using to_unsigned = typename std::conditional<
    is_signed_int128<T>::value,
    make_unsigned_int128<T>,
    typename std::conditional<std::is_signed<T>::value,
                              std::make_unsigned<T>,
                              std::common_type<T>>::type>::type;

#else

template <class T> using is_integral = typename std::is_integral<T>;

template <class T>
using is_signed_int =
    typename std::conditional<is_integral<T>::value && std::is_signed<T>::value,
                              std::true_type,
                              std::false_type>::type;

template <class T>
using is_unsigned_int =
    typename std::conditional<is_integral<T>::value &&
                                  std::is_unsigned<T>::value,
                              std::true_type,
                              std::false_type>::type;

template <class T>
using to_unsigned = typename std::conditional<is_signed_int<T>::value,
                                              std::make_unsigned<T>,
                                              std::common_type<T>>::type;

#endif

template <class T>
using is_signed_int_t = std::enable_if_t<is_signed_int<T>::value>;

template <class T>
using is_unsigned_int_t = std::enable_if_t<is_unsigned_int<T>::value>;

template <class T> using to_unsigned_t = typename to_unsigned<T>::type;

}  // namespace internal

}  // namespace atcoder


#line 14 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/modint.hpp"

namespace atcoder {

namespace internal {

struct modint_base {};
struct static_modint_base : modint_base {};

template <class T> using is_modint = std::is_base_of<modint_base, T>;
template <class T> using is_modint_t = std::enable_if_t<is_modint<T>::value>;

}  // namespace internal

template <int m, std::enable_if_t<(1 <= m)>* = nullptr>
struct static_modint : internal::static_modint_base {
    using mint = static_modint;

  public:
    static constexpr int mod() { return m; }
    static mint raw(int v) {
        mint x;
        x._v = v;
        return x;
    }

    static_modint() : _v(0) {}
    template <class T, internal::is_signed_int_t<T>* = nullptr>
    static_modint(T v) {
        long long x = (long long)(v % (long long)(umod()));
        if (x < 0) x += umod();
        _v = (unsigned int)(x);
    }
    template <class T, internal::is_unsigned_int_t<T>* = nullptr>
    static_modint(T v) {
        _v = (unsigned int)(v % umod());
    }

    int val() const { return _v; }

    mint& operator++() {
        _v++;
        if (_v == umod()) _v = 0;
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator--() {
        if (_v == 0) _v = umod();
        _v--;
        return *this;
    }
    mint operator++(int) {
        mint result = *this;
        ++*this;
        return result;
    }
    mint operator--(int) {
        mint result = *this;
        --*this;
        return result;
    }

    mint& operator+=(const mint& rhs) {
        _v += rhs._v;
        if (_v >= umod()) _v -= umod();
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator-=(const mint& rhs) {
        _v -= rhs._v;
        if (_v >= umod()) _v += umod();
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator*=(const mint& rhs) {
        unsigned long long z = _v;
        z *= rhs._v;
        _v = (unsigned int)(z % umod());
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator/=(const mint& rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs.inv(); }

    mint operator+() const { return *this; }
    mint operator-() const { return mint() - *this; }

    mint pow(long long n) const {
        assert(0 <= n);
        mint x = *this, r = 1;
        while (n) {
            if (n & 1) r *= x;
            x *= x;
            n >>= 1;
        }
        return r;
    }
    mint inv() const {
        if (prime) {
            assert(_v);
            return pow(umod() - 2);
        } else {
            auto eg = internal::inv_gcd(_v, m);
            assert(eg.first == 1);
            return eg.second;
        }
    }

    friend mint operator+(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) += rhs;
    }
    friend mint operator-(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) -= rhs;
    }
    friend mint operator*(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) *= rhs;
    }
    friend mint operator/(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) /= rhs;
    }
    friend bool operator==(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return lhs._v == rhs._v;
    }
    friend bool operator!=(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return lhs._v != rhs._v;
    }

  private:
    unsigned int _v;
    static constexpr unsigned int umod() { return m; }
    static constexpr bool prime = internal::is_prime<m>;
};

template <int id> struct dynamic_modint : internal::modint_base {
    using mint = dynamic_modint;

  public:
    static int mod() { return (int)(bt.umod()); }
    static void set_mod(int m) {
        assert(1 <= m);
        bt = internal::barrett(m);
    }
    static mint raw(int v) {
        mint x;
        x._v = v;
        return x;
    }

    dynamic_modint() : _v(0) {}
    template <class T, internal::is_signed_int_t<T>* = nullptr>
    dynamic_modint(T v) {
        long long x = (long long)(v % (long long)(mod()));
        if (x < 0) x += mod();
        _v = (unsigned int)(x);
    }
    template <class T, internal::is_unsigned_int_t<T>* = nullptr>
    dynamic_modint(T v) {
        _v = (unsigned int)(v % mod());
    }

    int val() const { return _v; }

    mint& operator++() {
        _v++;
        if (_v == umod()) _v = 0;
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator--() {
        if (_v == 0) _v = umod();
        _v--;
        return *this;
    }
    mint operator++(int) {
        mint result = *this;
        ++*this;
        return result;
    }
    mint operator--(int) {
        mint result = *this;
        --*this;
        return result;
    }

    mint& operator+=(const mint& rhs) {
        _v += rhs._v;
        if (_v >= umod()) _v -= umod();
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator-=(const mint& rhs) {
        _v += mod() - rhs._v;
        if (_v >= umod()) _v -= umod();
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator*=(const mint& rhs) {
        _v = bt.mul(_v, rhs._v);
        return *this;
    }
    mint& operator/=(const mint& rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs.inv(); }

    mint operator+() const { return *this; }
    mint operator-() const { return mint() - *this; }

    mint pow(long long n) const {
        assert(0 <= n);
        mint x = *this, r = 1;
        while (n) {
            if (n & 1) r *= x;
            x *= x;
            n >>= 1;
        }
        return r;
    }
    mint inv() const {
        auto eg = internal::inv_gcd(_v, mod());
        assert(eg.first == 1);
        return eg.second;
    }

    friend mint operator+(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) += rhs;
    }
    friend mint operator-(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) -= rhs;
    }
    friend mint operator*(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) *= rhs;
    }
    friend mint operator/(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return mint(lhs) /= rhs;
    }
    friend bool operator==(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return lhs._v == rhs._v;
    }
    friend bool operator!=(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
        return lhs._v != rhs._v;
    }

  private:
    unsigned int _v;
    static internal::barrett bt;
    static unsigned int umod() { return bt.umod(); }
};
template <int id> internal::barrett dynamic_modint<id>::bt(998244353);

using modint998244353 = static_modint<998244353>;
using modint1000000007 = static_modint<1000000007>;
using modint = dynamic_modint<-1>;

namespace internal {

template <class T>
using is_static_modint = std::is_base_of<internal::static_modint_base, T>;

template <class T>
using is_static_modint_t = std::enable_if_t<is_static_modint<T>::value>;

template <class> struct is_dynamic_modint : public std::false_type {};
template <int id>
struct is_dynamic_modint<dynamic_modint<id>> : public std::true_type {};

template <class T>
using is_dynamic_modint_t = std::enable_if_t<is_dynamic_modint<T>::value>;

}  // namespace internal

}  // namespace atcoder


#line 1 "tools/multiplicative_structure.hpp"



#include <concepts>
#line 1 "tools/complex.hpp"



#line 1 "tools/specialization_of.hpp"



#line 5 "tools/specialization_of.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace detail {
    namespace specialization_of {
      template <typename, template <typename...> typename>
      struct trait : std::false_type {};

      template <template <typename...> typename U, typename... Args>
      struct trait<U<Args...>, U> : std::true_type {};
    }
  }

  template <typename T, template <typename...> typename U>
  concept specialization_of = tools::detail::specialization_of::trait<T, U>::value;
}


#line 6 "tools/complex.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  concept complex = tools::specialization_of<T, std::complex>;
}


#line 1 "tools/groups.hpp"



#include <cstddef>
#line 1 "tools/arithmetic.hpp"



#line 1 "tools/integral.hpp"



#line 1 "tools/is_integral.hpp"



#line 5 "tools/is_integral.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  struct is_integral : std::is_integral<T> {};

  template <typename T>
  inline constexpr bool is_integral_v = tools::is_integral<T>::value;
}


#line 5 "tools/integral.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  concept integral = tools::is_integral_v<T>;
}


#line 6 "tools/arithmetic.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  concept arithmetic = tools::integral<T> || std::floating_point<T>;
}


#line 7 "tools/groups.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace groups {
    template <typename G>
    struct bit_xor {
      using T = G;
      static T op(const T& x, const T& y) {
        return x ^ y;
      }
      static T e() {
        return T(0);
      }
      static T inv(const T& x) {
        return x;
      }
    };

    template <typename G>
    struct multiplies {
      using T = G;
      static T op(const T& x, const T& y) {
        return x * y;
      }
      static T e() {
        return T(1);
      }
      static T inv(const T& x) {
        return e() / x;
      }
    };

    template <typename G>
    struct plus {
      using T = G;
      static T op(const T& x, const T& y) {
        return x + y;
      }
      static T e() {
        return T(0);
      }
      static T inv(const T& x) {
        return -x;
      }
    };
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/is_prime.hpp"



#include <array>
#line 1 "tools/prod_mod.hpp"



#line 1 "tools/uint128_t.hpp"



#line 1 "tools/detail/int128_t_and_uint128_t.hpp"



#include <algorithm>
#line 7 "tools/detail/int128_t_and_uint128_t.hpp"
#include <cstdint>
#include <functional>
#line 10 "tools/detail/int128_t_and_uint128_t.hpp"
#include <limits>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
#line 1 "tools/abs.hpp"



#include <cmath>
#line 7 "tools/abs.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace detail::abs {
    template <typename T>
    struct impl {
      constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(std::abs(x))) {
        return std::abs(x);
      }
    };
  }

  template <typename T>
  constexpr decltype(auto) abs(T&& x) noexcept(noexcept(tools::detail::abs::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x)))) {
    return tools::detail::abs::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x));
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/bit_ceil.hpp"



#include <bit>
#line 1 "tools/is_signed.hpp"



#line 5 "tools/is_signed.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  struct is_signed : std::is_signed<T> {};

  template <typename T>
  inline constexpr bool is_signed_v = tools::is_signed<T>::value;
}


#line 1 "tools/is_unsigned.hpp"



#line 5 "tools/is_unsigned.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  struct is_unsigned : std::is_unsigned<T> {};

  template <typename T>
  inline constexpr bool is_unsigned_v = tools::is_unsigned<T>::value;
}


#line 1 "tools/make_unsigned.hpp"



#line 5 "tools/make_unsigned.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  struct make_unsigned : std::make_unsigned<T> {};

  template <typename T>
  using make_unsigned_t = typename tools::make_unsigned<T>::type;
}


#line 1 "tools/non_bool_integral.hpp"



#line 7 "tools/non_bool_integral.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  concept non_bool_integral = tools::integral<T> && !std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>, bool>;
}


#line 12 "tools/bit_ceil.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace detail::bit_ceil {
    template <tools::non_bool_integral T>
    struct impl {
      constexpr T operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(impl<tools::make_unsigned_t<T>>{}(x))) requires tools::is_signed_v<T> {
        assert(x >= 0);
        return impl<tools::make_unsigned_t<T>>{}(x);
      }
      constexpr T operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(std::bit_ceil(x))) requires tools::is_unsigned_v<T> {
        return std::bit_ceil(x);
      }
    };
  }

  template <typename T>
  constexpr decltype(auto) bit_ceil(T&& x) noexcept(noexcept(tools::detail::bit_ceil::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x)))) {
    return tools::detail::bit_ceil::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x));
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/bit_floor.hpp"



#line 12 "tools/bit_floor.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace detail::bit_floor {
    template <tools::non_bool_integral T>
    struct impl {
      constexpr T operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(impl<tools::make_unsigned_t<T>>{}(x))) requires tools::is_signed_v<T> {
        assert(x >= 0);
        return impl<tools::make_unsigned_t<T>>{}(x);
      }
      constexpr T operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(std::bit_floor(x))) requires tools::is_unsigned_v<T> {
        return std::bit_floor(x);
      }
    };
  }

  template <typename T>
  constexpr decltype(auto) bit_floor(T&& x) noexcept(noexcept(tools::detail::bit_floor::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x)))) {
    return tools::detail::bit_floor::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x));
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/bit_width.hpp"



#line 12 "tools/bit_width.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace detail::bit_width {
    template <tools::non_bool_integral T>
    struct impl {
      constexpr int operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(impl<tools::make_unsigned_t<T>>{}(x))) requires tools::is_signed_v<T> {
        assert(x >= 0);
        return impl<tools::make_unsigned_t<T>>{}(x);
      }
      constexpr int operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(std::bit_width(x))) requires tools::is_unsigned_v<T> {
        return std::bit_width(x);
      }
    };
  }

  template <typename T>
  constexpr decltype(auto) bit_width(T&& x) noexcept(noexcept(tools::detail::bit_width::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x)))) {
    return tools::detail::bit_width::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x));
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/countr_zero.hpp"



#line 14 "tools/countr_zero.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace detail::countr_zero {
    template <tools::non_bool_integral T>
    struct impl {
      constexpr int operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(impl<tools::make_unsigned_t<T>>{}(x))) requires tools::is_signed_v<T> {
        assert(x >= 0);
        return std::min(impl<tools::make_unsigned_t<T>>{}(x), std::numeric_limits<T>::digits);
      }
      constexpr int operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(std::countr_zero(x))) requires tools::is_unsigned_v<T> {
        return std::countr_zero(x);
      }
    };
  }

  template <typename T>
  constexpr decltype(auto) countr_zero(T&& x) noexcept(noexcept(tools::detail::countr_zero::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x)))) {
    return tools::detail::countr_zero::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x));
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/gcd.hpp"



#line 7 "tools/gcd.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace detail::gcd {
    template <typename M, typename N>
    struct impl {
      constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(const M m, const N n) const noexcept(noexcept(std::gcd(m, n))) {
        return std::gcd(m, n);
      }
    };
  }

  template <typename M, typename N>
  constexpr decltype(auto) gcd(M&& m, N&& n) noexcept(noexcept(tools::detail::gcd::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<M>, std::remove_cvref_t<N>>{}(std::forward<M>(m), std::forward<N>(n)))) {
    return tools::detail::gcd::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<M>, std::remove_cvref_t<N>>{}(std::forward<M>(m), std::forward<N>(n));
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/has_single_bit.hpp"



#line 12 "tools/has_single_bit.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace detail::has_single_bit {
    template <tools::non_bool_integral T>
    struct impl {
      constexpr bool operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(impl<tools::make_unsigned_t<T>>{}(x))) requires tools::is_signed_v<T> {
        assert(x >= 0);
        return impl<tools::make_unsigned_t<T>>{}(x);
      }
      constexpr bool operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(std::has_single_bit(x))) requires tools::is_unsigned_v<T> {
        return std::has_single_bit(x);
      }
    };
  }

  template <typename T>
  constexpr decltype(auto) has_single_bit(T&& x) noexcept(noexcept(tools::detail::has_single_bit::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x)))) {
    return tools::detail::has_single_bit::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x));
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/hash_combine.hpp"



#line 6 "tools/hash_combine.hpp"

// Source: https://github.com/google/cityhash/blob/f5dc54147fcce12cefd16548c8e760d68ac04226/src/city.h
// License: MIT
// Author: Google Inc.

// Copyright (c) 2011 Google, Inc.
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  void hash_combine(std::size_t& seed, const T& v) {
    static const std::hash<T> hasher;
    static constexpr std::size_t k_mul = 0x9ddfea08eb382d69ULL;
    std::size_t a = (hasher(v) ^ seed) * k_mul;
    a ^= (a >> 47);
    std::size_t b = (seed ^ a) * k_mul;
    b ^= (b >> 47);
    seed = b * k_mul;
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/make_signed.hpp"



#line 5 "tools/make_signed.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  struct make_signed : std::make_signed<T> {};

  template <typename T>
  using make_signed_t = typename tools::make_signed<T>::type;
}


#line 1 "tools/now.hpp"



#include <chrono>

namespace tools {
  inline long long now() {
    return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count();
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/popcount.hpp"



#line 12 "tools/popcount.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace detail::popcount {
    template <tools::non_bool_integral T>
    struct impl {
      constexpr int operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(impl<tools::make_unsigned_t<T>>{}(x))) requires tools::is_signed_v<T> {
        assert(x >= 0);
        return impl<tools::make_unsigned_t<T>>{}(x);
      }
      constexpr int operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(std::popcount(x))) requires tools::is_unsigned_v<T> {
        return std::popcount(x);
      }
    };
  }

  template <typename T>
  constexpr decltype(auto) popcount(T&& x) noexcept(noexcept(tools::detail::popcount::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x)))) {
    return tools::detail::popcount::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x));
  }
}


#line 31 "tools/detail/int128_t_and_uint128_t.hpp"

namespace tools {
  using uint128_t = unsigned __int128;
  using int128_t = __int128;

  template <>
  struct is_integral<tools::int128_t> : std::true_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_integral<tools::uint128_t> : std::true_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_integral<const tools::int128_t> : std::true_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_integral<const tools::uint128_t> : std::true_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_integral<volatile tools::int128_t> : std::true_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_integral<volatile tools::uint128_t> : std::true_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_integral<const volatile tools::int128_t> : std::true_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_integral<const volatile tools::uint128_t> : std::true_type {};

  template <>
  struct is_signed<tools::int128_t> : std::true_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_signed<tools::uint128_t> : std::false_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_signed<const tools::int128_t> : std::true_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_signed<const tools::uint128_t> : std::false_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_signed<volatile tools::int128_t> : std::true_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_signed<volatile tools::uint128_t> : std::false_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_signed<const volatile tools::int128_t> : std::true_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_signed<const volatile tools::uint128_t> : std::false_type {};

  template <>
  struct is_unsigned<tools::int128_t> : std::false_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_unsigned<tools::uint128_t> : std::true_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_unsigned<const tools::int128_t> : std::false_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_unsigned<const tools::uint128_t> : std::true_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_unsigned<volatile tools::int128_t> : std::false_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_unsigned<volatile tools::uint128_t> : std::true_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_unsigned<const volatile tools::int128_t> : std::false_type {};
  template <>
  struct is_unsigned<const volatile tools::uint128_t> : std::true_type {};

  template <>
  struct make_signed<tools::int128_t> {
    using type = tools::int128_t;
  };
  template <>
  struct make_signed<tools::uint128_t> {
    using type = tools::int128_t;
  };
  template <>
  struct make_signed<const tools::int128_t> {
    using type = const tools::int128_t;
  };
  template <>
  struct make_signed<const tools::uint128_t> {
    using type = const tools::int128_t;
  };
  template <>
  struct make_signed<volatile tools::int128_t> {
    using type = volatile tools::int128_t;
  };
  template <>
  struct make_signed<volatile tools::uint128_t> {
    using type = volatile tools::int128_t;
  };
  template <>
  struct make_signed<const volatile tools::int128_t> {
    using type = const volatile tools::int128_t;
  };
  template <>
  struct make_signed<const volatile tools::uint128_t> {
    using type = const volatile tools::int128_t;
  };

  template <>
  struct make_unsigned<tools::int128_t> {
    using type = tools::uint128_t;
  };
  template <>
  struct make_unsigned<tools::uint128_t> {
    using type = tools::uint128_t;
  };
  template <>
  struct make_unsigned<const tools::int128_t> {
    using type = const tools::uint128_t;
  };
  template <>
  struct make_unsigned<const tools::uint128_t> {
    using type = const tools::uint128_t;
  };
  template <>
  struct make_unsigned<volatile tools::int128_t> {
    using type = volatile tools::uint128_t;
  };
  template <>
  struct make_unsigned<volatile tools::uint128_t> {
    using type = volatile tools::uint128_t;
  };
  template <>
  struct make_unsigned<const volatile tools::int128_t> {
    using type = const volatile tools::uint128_t;
  };
  template <>
  struct make_unsigned<const volatile tools::uint128_t> {
    using type = const volatile tools::uint128_t;
  };

  namespace detail::int128_t {
    constexpr tools::uint128_t parse_unsigned(const std::string_view s) noexcept {
      assert(!s.empty());
      tools::uint128_t x = 0;
      std::size_t i = s[0] == '+';
      if (i + 1 < s.size() && s[i] == '0' && (s[i + 1] == 'x' || s[i + 1] == 'X')) {
        for (i += 2; i < s.size(); ++i) {
          assert(('0' <= s[i] && s[i] <= '9') || ('a' <= s[i] && s[i] <= 'f') || ('A' <= s[i] && s[i] <= 'F'));
          x <<= 4;
          if ('0' <= s[i] && s[i] <= '9') {
            x |= s[i] - '0';
          } else if ('a' <= s[i] && s[i] <= 'f') {
            x |= s[i] - 'a' + 10;
          } else {
            x |= s[i] - 'A' + 10;
          }
        }
      } else {
        for (; i < s.size(); ++i) {
          assert('0' <= s[i] && s[i] <= '9');
          x *= 10;
          x += s[i] - '0';
        }
      }
      return x;
    }

    constexpr tools::int128_t parse_signed(const std::string_view s) noexcept {
      assert(!s.empty());
      tools::int128_t x = 0;
      if (s[0] == '-') {
        std::size_t i = 1;
        if (i + 1 < s.size() && s[i] == '0' && (s[i + 1] == 'x' || s[i + 1] == 'X')) {
          for (i += 2; i < s.size(); ++i) {
            assert(('0' <= s[i] && s[i] <= '9') || ('a' <= s[i] && s[i] <= 'f') || ('A' <= s[i] && s[i] <= 'F'));
            x *= 16;
            if ('0' <= s[i] && s[i] <= '9') {
              x -= s[i] - '0';
            } else if ('a' <= s[i] && s[i] <= 'f') {
              x -= s[i] - 'a' + 10;
            } else {
              x -= s[i] - 'A' + 10;
            }
          }
        } else {
          for (; i < s.size(); ++i) {
            assert('0' <= s[i] && s[i] <= '9');
            x *= 10;
            x -= s[i] - '0';
          }
        }
      } else {
        std::size_t i = s[0] == '+';
        if (i + 1 < s.size() && s[i] == '0' && (s[i + 1] == 'x' || s[i + 1] == 'X')) {
          for (i += 2; i < s.size(); ++i) {
            assert(('0' <= s[i] && s[i] <= '9') || ('a' <= s[i] && s[i] <= 'f') || ('A' <= s[i] && s[i] <= 'F'));
            x <<= 4;
            if ('0' <= s[i] && s[i] <= '9') {
              x |= s[i] - '0';
            } else if ('a' <= s[i] && s[i] <= 'f') {
              x |= s[i] - 'a' + 10;
            } else {
              x |= s[i] - 'A' + 10;
            }
          }
        } else {
          for (; i < s.size(); ++i) {
            assert('0' <= s[i] && s[i] <= '9');
            x *= 10;
            x += s[i] - '0';
          }
        }
      }
      return x;
    }
  }
}

#define UINT128_C(c) tools::detail::int128_t::parse_unsigned(#c)
#define INT128_C(c) tools::detail::int128_t::parse_signed(#c)

inline std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, tools::uint128_t& x) {
  std::string s;
  is >> s;
  x = tools::detail::int128_t::parse_unsigned(s);
  return is;
}
inline std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, tools::int128_t& x) {
  std::string s;
  is >> s;
  x = tools::detail::int128_t::parse_signed(s);
  return is;
}

inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, tools::uint128_t x) {
  std::string s;
  if (x > 0) {
    while (x > 0) {
      s.push_back('0' + x % 10);
      x /= 10;
    }
  } else {
    s.push_back('0');
  }

  std::ranges::reverse(s);
  return os << s;
}
inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, tools::int128_t x) {
  std::string s;
  if (x > 0) {
    while (x > 0) {
      s.push_back('0' + x % 10);
      x /= 10;
    }
  } else if (x < 0) {
    while (x < 0) {
      s.push_back('0' + (-(x % 10)));
      x /= 10;
    }
    s.push_back('-');
  } else {
    s.push_back('0');
  }

  std::ranges::reverse(s);
  return os << s;
}

#if defined(__GLIBCXX__) && defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
namespace std {
  template <>
  struct hash<tools::uint128_t> {
    std::size_t operator()(const tools::uint128_t& x) const {
      static const std::size_t seed = tools::now();

      std::size_t hash = seed;
      tools::hash_combine(hash, static_cast<std::uint64_t>(x >> 64));
      tools::hash_combine(hash, static_cast<std::uint64_t>(x & ((UINT128_C(1) << 64) - 1)));
      return hash;
    }
  };
  template <>
  struct hash<tools::int128_t> {
    std::size_t operator()(const tools::int128_t& x) const {
      static std::hash<tools::uint128_t> hasher;
      return hasher(static_cast<tools::uint128_t>(x));
    }
  };
}
#endif

namespace tools {
  template <>
  struct detail::abs::impl<tools::int128_t> {
    constexpr tools::int128_t operator()(const tools::int128_t& x) const noexcept {
      return x >= 0 ? x : -x;
    }
  };

#if defined(__GLIBCXX__) && defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
  template <>
  struct detail::bit_ceil::impl<tools::uint128_t> {
    constexpr tools::uint128_t operator()(tools::uint128_t x) const noexcept {
      if (x <= 1) return 1;
      --x;
      x |= x >> 1;
      x |= x >> 2;
      x |= x >> 4;
      x |= x >> 8;
      x |= x >> 16;
      x |= x >> 32;
      x |= x >> 64;
      return ++x;
    }
  };

  template <>
  struct detail::bit_floor::impl<tools::uint128_t> {
    constexpr tools::uint128_t operator()(tools::uint128_t x) const noexcept {
      x |= x >> 1;
      x |= x >> 2;
      x |= x >> 4;
      x |= x >> 8;
      x |= x >> 16;
      x |= x >> 32;
      x |= x >> 64;
      return x & ~(x >> 1);
    }
  };

  template <>
  struct detail::bit_width::impl<tools::uint128_t> {
    constexpr int operator()(tools::uint128_t x) const noexcept {
      int w = 0;
      if (x & UINT128_C(0xffffffffffffffff0000000000000000)) {
        x >>= 64;
        w += 64;
      }
      if (x & UINT128_C(0xffffffff00000000)) {
        x >>= 32;
        w += 32;
      }
      if (x & UINT128_C(0xffff0000)) {
        x >>= 16;
        w += 16;
      }
      if (x & UINT128_C(0xff00)) {
        x >>= 8;
        w += 8;
      }
      if (x & UINT128_C(0xf0)) {
        x >>= 4;
        w += 4;
      }
      if (x & UINT128_C(0xc)) {
        x >>= 2;
        w += 2;
      }
      if (x & UINT128_C(0x2)) {
        x >>= 1;
        w += 1;
      }
      w += x;
      return w;
    }
  };

  template <>
  class detail::countr_zero::impl<tools::uint128_t> {
    using type = tools::uint128_t;
    static constexpr int shift = 120;
    static constexpr type magic = UINT128_C(0x01061438916347932a5cd9d3ead7b77f);
    static constexpr int ntz_table[255] = {
      128,   0,   1,  -1,   2,  -1,   8,  -1,   3,  -1,  15,  -1,   9,  -1,  22,  -1,
        4,  -1,  29,  -1,  16,  -1,  36,  -1,  10,  -1,  43,  -1,  23,  -1,  50,  -1,
        5,  -1,  33,  -1,  30,  -1,  57,  -1,  17,  -1,  64,  -1,  37,  -1,  71,  -1,
       11,  -1,  60,  -1,  44,  -1,  78,  -1,  24,  -1,  85,  -1,  51,  -1,  92,  -1,
       -1,   6,  -1,  20,  -1,  34,  -1,  48,  31,  -1,  -1,  69,  58,  -1,  -1,  90,
       18,  -1,  67,  -1,  65,  -1,  99,  -1,  38,  -1, 101,  -1,  72,  -1, 106,  -1,
       -1,  12,  -1,  40,  -1,  61,  -1,  82,  45,  -1,  -1, 103,  79,  -1, 113,  -1,
       -1,  25,  -1,  74,  86,  -1,  -1, 116,  -1,  52,  -1, 108,  -1,  93,  -1, 120,
      127,  -1,  -1,   7,  -1,  14,  -1,  21,  -1,  28,  -1,  35,  -1,  42,  -1,  49,
       -1,  32,  -1,  56,  -1,  63,  -1,  70,  -1,  59,  -1,  77,  -1,  84,  -1,  91,
       -1,  19,  -1,  47,  -1,  68,  -1,  89,  -1,  66,  -1,  98,  -1, 100,  -1, 105,
       -1,  39,  -1,  81,  -1, 102,  -1, 112,  -1,  73,  -1, 115,  -1, 107,  -1, 119,
      126,  -1,  13,  -1,  27,  -1,  41,  -1,  -1,  55,  62,  -1,  -1,  76,  83,  -1,
       -1,  46,  -1,  88,  -1,  97,  -1, 104,  -1,  80,  -1, 111,  -1, 114,  -1, 118,
      125,  -1,  26,  -1,  54,  -1,  75,  -1,  -1,  87,  96,  -1,  -1, 110,  -1, 117,
      124,  -1,  53,  -1,  -1,  95, 109,  -1, 123,  -1,  94,  -1, 122,  -1, 121
    };

  public:
    constexpr int operator()(const type& x) const noexcept {
      return ntz_table[static_cast<type>(magic * static_cast<type>(x & -x)) >> shift];
    }
  };

  namespace detail::gcd {
    template <>
    struct impl<tools::uint128_t, tools::uint128_t> {
      constexpr tools::uint128_t operator()(tools::uint128_t m, tools::uint128_t n) const noexcept {
        while (n != 0) {
          m %= n;
          std::swap(m, n);
        }
        return m;
      };
    };

    template <typename T>
    concept non_bool_integral_at_most_128bit = tools::non_bool_integral<T> && std::numeric_limits<T>::digits <= 128;
    template <typename T>
    concept non_bool_integral_at_most_64bit = tools::non_bool_integral<T> && std::numeric_limits<T>::digits <= 64;

    template <typename M, typename N> requires (
      (non_bool_integral_at_most_128bit<M> && non_bool_integral_at_most_128bit<N>)
      && !(non_bool_integral_at_most_64bit<M> && non_bool_integral_at_most_64bit<N>)
      && !(std::same_as<M, tools::uint128_t> && std::same_as<N, tools::uint128_t>)
    )
    struct impl<M, N> {
      constexpr std::common_type_t<M, N> operator()(const M m, const N n) const noexcept {
        return std::common_type_t<M, N>(
          tools::gcd(
            m >= 0 ? tools::uint128_t(m) : tools::uint128_t(-(m + 1)) + 1,
            n >= 0 ? tools::uint128_t(n) : tools::uint128_t(-(n + 1)) + 1
          )
        );
      }
    };
  }

  template <>
  struct detail::has_single_bit::impl<tools::uint128_t> {
    constexpr bool operator()(tools::uint128_t x) const noexcept {
      return x != 0 && (x & (x - 1)) == 0;
    }
  };

  template <>
  struct detail::popcount::impl<tools::uint128_t> {
    constexpr int operator()(tools::uint128_t x) const noexcept {
      x = (x & UINT128_C(0x55555555555555555555555555555555)) + (x >> 1 & UINT128_C(0x55555555555555555555555555555555));
      x = (x & UINT128_C(0x33333333333333333333333333333333)) + (x >> 2 & UINT128_C(0x33333333333333333333333333333333));
      x = (x & UINT128_C(0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f)) + (x >> 4 & UINT128_C(0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f));
      x = (x & UINT128_C(0x00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff)) + (x >> 8 & UINT128_C(0x00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff));
      x = (x & UINT128_C(0x0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff)) + (x >> 16 & UINT128_C(0x0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff));
      x = (x & UINT128_C(0x00000000ffffffff00000000ffffffff)) + (x >> 32 & UINT128_C(0x00000000ffffffff00000000ffffffff));
      x = (x & UINT128_C(0x0000000000000000ffffffffffffffff)) + (x >> 64 & UINT128_C(0x0000000000000000ffffffffffffffff));
      return x;
    }
  };
#endif
}


#line 5 "tools/uint128_t.hpp"


#line 5 "tools/prod_mod.hpp"

namespace tools {

  template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
  constexpr T3 prod_mod(const T1 x, const T2 y, const T3 m) {
    using u128 = tools::uint128_t;
    u128 prod_mod = u128(x >= 0 ? x : -x) * u128(y >= 0 ? y : -y) % u128(m);
    if ((x >= 0) ^ (y >= 0)) prod_mod = u128(m) - prod_mod;
    return prod_mod;
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/pow_mod.hpp"



#line 1 "tools/mod.hpp"



#line 7 "tools/mod.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <tools::non_bool_integral M, tools::non_bool_integral N>
  constexpr std::common_type_t<M, N> mod(const M a, const N b) noexcept {
    assert(b != 0);

    using UM = tools::make_unsigned_t<M>;
    using UN = tools::make_unsigned_t<N>;
    const UM ua = a >= 0 ? a : static_cast<UM>(-(a + 1)) + 1;
    const UN ub = b >= 0 ? b : static_cast<UN>(-(b + 1)) + 1;
    auto r = ua % ub;
    if (a < 0 && r > 0) {
      r = ub - r;
    }
    return r;
  }
}


#line 6 "tools/pow_mod.hpp"

namespace tools {

  template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
  constexpr T3 pow_mod(const T1 x, T2 n, const T3 m) {
    if (m == 1) return 0;
    T3 r = 1;
    T3 y = tools::mod(x, m);
    while (n > 0) {
      if ((n & 1) > 0) {
        r = tools::prod_mod(r, y, m);
      }
      y = tools::prod_mod(y, y, m);
      n /= 2;
    }
    return r;
  }
}


#line 7 "tools/is_prime.hpp"

namespace tools {

  constexpr bool is_prime(const unsigned long long n) {
    constexpr std::array<unsigned long long, 7> bases = {2, 325, 9375, 28178, 450775, 9780504, 1795265022};

    if (n <= 1) return false;
    if (n == 2) return true;
    if (n % 2 == 0) return false;

    auto d = n - 1;
    for (; d % 2 == 0; d /= 2);

    for (const auto a : bases) {
      if (a % n == 0) return true;

      auto power = d;
      auto target = tools::pow_mod(a, power, n);

      bool is_composite = true;
      if (target == 1) is_composite = false;
      for (; is_composite && power != n - 1; power *= 2, target = tools::prod_mod(target, target, n)) {
        if (target == n - 1) is_composite = false;
      }

      if (is_composite) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    return true;
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/monoids.hpp"



#line 14 "tools/monoids.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace monoids {
    template <typename M>
    struct bit_and {
      using T = M;
      static T op(const T& x, const T& y) {
        return x & y;
      }
      static T e() {
        return std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
      }
    };

    template <typename M>
    struct bit_or {
      using T = M;
      static T op(const T& x, const T& y) {
        return x | y;
      }
      static T e() {
        return T(0);
      }
    };

    template <typename M>
    requires requires (M x, M y) {
      {tools::gcd(x, y)} -> std::convertible_to<M>;
    }
    struct gcd {
      using T = M;
      static T op(const T& x, const T& y) {
        return tools::gcd(x, y);
      }
      static T e() {
        return T(0);
      }
    };

    template <typename M, M ...dummy>
    struct max;

    template <tools::arithmetic M>
    struct max<M> {
      using T = M;
      static T op(const T& x, const T& y) {
        return std::max(x, y);
      }
      static T e() {
        if constexpr (tools::integral<M>) {
          return std::numeric_limits<M>::min();
        } else {
          return -std::numeric_limits<M>::infinity();
        }
      }
    };

    template <std::totally_ordered M, M E>
    struct max<M, E> {
      using T = M;
      static T op(const T& x, const T& y) {
        assert(E <= x);
        assert(E <= y);
        return std::max(x, y);
      }
      static T e() {
        return E;
      }
    };

    template <typename M, M ...dummy>
    struct min;

    template <tools::arithmetic M>
    struct min<M> {
      using T = M;
      static T op(const T& x, const T& y) {
        return std::min(x, y);
      }
      static T e() {
        if constexpr (tools::integral<M>) {
          return std::numeric_limits<M>::max();
        } else {
          return std::numeric_limits<M>::infinity();
        }
      }
    };

    template <std::totally_ordered M, M E>
    struct min<M, E> {
      using T = M;
      static T op(const T& x, const T& y) {
        assert(x <= E);
        assert(y <= E);
        return std::min(x, y);
      }
      static T e() {
        return E;
      }
    };

    template <typename M>
    struct multiplies {
      using T = M;
      static T op(const T& x, const T& y) {
        return x * y;
      }
      static T e() {
        return T(1);
      }
    };

    template <>
    struct multiplies<bool> {
      using T = bool;
      static T op(const bool x, const bool y) {
        return x && y;
      }
      static T e() {
        return true;
      }
    };

    template <typename M, M E>
    struct update {
      using T = M;
      static T op(const T& x, const T& y) {
        return x == E ? y : x;
      }
      static T e() {
        return E;
      }
    };
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/prime_static_modint.hpp"



#line 6 "tools/prime_static_modint.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  concept prime_static_modint = atcoder::internal::is_static_modint<T>::value && tools::is_prime(T::mod());
}


#line 13 "tools/multiplicative_structure.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  using multiplicative_structure = std::conditional_t<
    tools::complex<T> || std::floating_point<T> || tools::prime_static_modint<T> || atcoder::internal::is_dynamic_modint<T>::value,
      tools::groups::multiplies<T>,
      std::conditional_t<
        tools::integral<T> || atcoder::internal::is_static_modint<T>::value,
          tools::monoids::multiplies<T>,
          std::conditional_t<
            requires(T a, T b) { { a / b } -> std::same_as<T>; },
              tools::groups::multiplies<T>,
              tools::monoids::multiplies<T>
          >
      >
  >;
}


#line 1 "tools/fps.hpp"



#line 7 "tools/fps.hpp"
#include <initializer_list>
#include <iterator>
#line 11 "tools/fps.hpp"
#include <vector>
#line 1 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/convolution.hpp"



#line 9 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/convolution.hpp"

#line 1 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/internal_bit.hpp"



#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <intrin.h>
#endif

#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
#line 10 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/internal_bit.hpp"
#endif

namespace atcoder {

namespace internal {

#if __cplusplus >= 202002L

using std::bit_ceil;

#else

// @return same with std::bit::bit_ceil
unsigned int bit_ceil(unsigned int n) {
    unsigned int x = 1;
    while (x < (unsigned int)(n)) x *= 2;
    return x;
}

#endif

// @param n `1 <= n`
// @return same with std::bit::countr_zero
int countr_zero(unsigned int n) {
#ifdef _MSC_VER
    unsigned long index;
    _BitScanForward(&index, n);
    return index;
#else
    return __builtin_ctz(n);
#endif
}

// @param n `1 <= n`
// @return same with std::bit::countr_zero
constexpr int countr_zero_constexpr(unsigned int n) {
    int x = 0;
    while (!(n & (1 << x))) x++;
    return x;
}

}  // namespace internal

}  // namespace atcoder


#line 12 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/convolution.hpp"

namespace atcoder {

namespace internal {

template <class mint,
          int g = internal::primitive_root<mint::mod()>,
          internal::is_static_modint_t<mint>* = nullptr>
struct fft_info {
    static constexpr int rank2 = countr_zero_constexpr(mint::mod() - 1);
    std::array<mint, rank2 + 1> root;   // root[i]^(2^i) == 1
    std::array<mint, rank2 + 1> iroot;  // root[i] * iroot[i] == 1

    std::array<mint, std::max(0, rank2 - 2 + 1)> rate2;
    std::array<mint, std::max(0, rank2 - 2 + 1)> irate2;

    std::array<mint, std::max(0, rank2 - 3 + 1)> rate3;
    std::array<mint, std::max(0, rank2 - 3 + 1)> irate3;

    fft_info() {
        root[rank2] = mint(g).pow((mint::mod() - 1) >> rank2);
        iroot[rank2] = root[rank2].inv();
        for (int i = rank2 - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            root[i] = root[i + 1] * root[i + 1];
            iroot[i] = iroot[i + 1] * iroot[i + 1];
        }

        {
            mint prod = 1, iprod = 1;
            for (int i = 0; i <= rank2 - 2; i++) {
                rate2[i] = root[i + 2] * prod;
                irate2[i] = iroot[i + 2] * iprod;
                prod *= iroot[i + 2];
                iprod *= root[i + 2];
            }
        }
        {
            mint prod = 1, iprod = 1;
            for (int i = 0; i <= rank2 - 3; i++) {
                rate3[i] = root[i + 3] * prod;
                irate3[i] = iroot[i + 3] * iprod;
                prod *= iroot[i + 3];
                iprod *= root[i + 3];
            }
        }
    }
};

template <class mint, internal::is_static_modint_t<mint>* = nullptr>
void butterfly(std::vector<mint>& a) {
    int n = int(a.size());
    int h = internal::countr_zero((unsigned int)n);

    static const fft_info<mint> info;

    int len = 0;  // a[i, i+(n>>len), i+2*(n>>len), ..] is transformed
    while (len < h) {
        if (h - len == 1) {
            int p = 1 << (h - len - 1);
            mint rot = 1;
            for (int s = 0; s < (1 << len); s++) {
                int offset = s << (h - len);
                for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
                    auto l = a[i + offset];
                    auto r = a[i + offset + p] * rot;
                    a[i + offset] = l + r;
                    a[i + offset + p] = l - r;
                }
                if (s + 1 != (1 << len))
                    rot *= info.rate2[countr_zero(~(unsigned int)(s))];
            }
            len++;
        } else {
            // 4-base
            int p = 1 << (h - len - 2);
            mint rot = 1, imag = info.root[2];
            for (int s = 0; s < (1 << len); s++) {
                mint rot2 = rot * rot;
                mint rot3 = rot2 * rot;
                int offset = s << (h - len);
                for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
                    auto mod2 = 1ULL * mint::mod() * mint::mod();
                    auto a0 = 1ULL * a[i + offset].val();
                    auto a1 = 1ULL * a[i + offset + p].val() * rot.val();
                    auto a2 = 1ULL * a[i + offset + 2 * p].val() * rot2.val();
                    auto a3 = 1ULL * a[i + offset + 3 * p].val() * rot3.val();
                    auto a1na3imag =
                        1ULL * mint(a1 + mod2 - a3).val() * imag.val();
                    auto na2 = mod2 - a2;
                    a[i + offset] = a0 + a2 + a1 + a3;
                    a[i + offset + 1 * p] = a0 + a2 + (2 * mod2 - (a1 + a3));
                    a[i + offset + 2 * p] = a0 + na2 + a1na3imag;
                    a[i + offset + 3 * p] = a0 + na2 + (mod2 - a1na3imag);
                }
                if (s + 1 != (1 << len))
                    rot *= info.rate3[countr_zero(~(unsigned int)(s))];
            }
            len += 2;
        }
    }
}

template <class mint, internal::is_static_modint_t<mint>* = nullptr>
void butterfly_inv(std::vector<mint>& a) {
    int n = int(a.size());
    int h = internal::countr_zero((unsigned int)n);

    static const fft_info<mint> info;

    int len = h;  // a[i, i+(n>>len), i+2*(n>>len), ..] is transformed
    while (len) {
        if (len == 1) {
            int p = 1 << (h - len);
            mint irot = 1;
            for (int s = 0; s < (1 << (len - 1)); s++) {
                int offset = s << (h - len + 1);
                for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
                    auto l = a[i + offset];
                    auto r = a[i + offset + p];
                    a[i + offset] = l + r;
                    a[i + offset + p] =
                        (unsigned long long)((unsigned int)(l.val() - r.val()) + mint::mod()) *
                        irot.val();
                    ;
                }
                if (s + 1 != (1 << (len - 1)))
                    irot *= info.irate2[countr_zero(~(unsigned int)(s))];
            }
            len--;
        } else {
            // 4-base
            int p = 1 << (h - len);
            mint irot = 1, iimag = info.iroot[2];
            for (int s = 0; s < (1 << (len - 2)); s++) {
                mint irot2 = irot * irot;
                mint irot3 = irot2 * irot;
                int offset = s << (h - len + 2);
                for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
                    auto a0 = 1ULL * a[i + offset + 0 * p].val();
                    auto a1 = 1ULL * a[i + offset + 1 * p].val();
                    auto a2 = 1ULL * a[i + offset + 2 * p].val();
                    auto a3 = 1ULL * a[i + offset + 3 * p].val();

                    auto a2na3iimag =
                        1ULL *
                        mint((mint::mod() + a2 - a3) * iimag.val()).val();

                    a[i + offset] = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3;
                    a[i + offset + 1 * p] =
                        (a0 + (mint::mod() - a1) + a2na3iimag) * irot.val();
                    a[i + offset + 2 * p] =
                        (a0 + a1 + (mint::mod() - a2) + (mint::mod() - a3)) *
                        irot2.val();
                    a[i + offset + 3 * p] =
                        (a0 + (mint::mod() - a1) + (mint::mod() - a2na3iimag)) *
                        irot3.val();
                }
                if (s + 1 != (1 << (len - 2)))
                    irot *= info.irate3[countr_zero(~(unsigned int)(s))];
            }
            len -= 2;
        }
    }
}

template <class mint, internal::is_static_modint_t<mint>* = nullptr>
std::vector<mint> convolution_naive(const std::vector<mint>& a,
                                    const std::vector<mint>& b) {
    int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
    std::vector<mint> ans(n + m - 1);
    if (n < m) {
        for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                ans[i + j] += a[i] * b[j];
            }
        }
    } else {
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
                ans[i + j] += a[i] * b[j];
            }
        }
    }
    return ans;
}

template <class mint, internal::is_static_modint_t<mint>* = nullptr>
std::vector<mint> convolution_fft(std::vector<mint> a, std::vector<mint> b) {
    int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
    int z = (int)internal::bit_ceil((unsigned int)(n + m - 1));
    a.resize(z);
    internal::butterfly(a);
    b.resize(z);
    internal::butterfly(b);
    for (int i = 0; i < z; i++) {
        a[i] *= b[i];
    }
    internal::butterfly_inv(a);
    a.resize(n + m - 1);
    mint iz = mint(z).inv();
    for (int i = 0; i < n + m - 1; i++) a[i] *= iz;
    return a;
}

}  // namespace internal

template <class mint, internal::is_static_modint_t<mint>* = nullptr>
std::vector<mint> convolution(std::vector<mint>&& a, std::vector<mint>&& b) {
    int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
    if (!n || !m) return {};

    [[maybe_unused]] int z = (int)internal::bit_ceil((unsigned int)(n + m - 1));
    assert((mint::mod() - 1) % z == 0);

    if (std::min(n, m) <= 60) return convolution_naive(std::move(a), std::move(b));
    return internal::convolution_fft(std::move(a), std::move(b));
}
template <class mint, internal::is_static_modint_t<mint>* = nullptr>
std::vector<mint> convolution(const std::vector<mint>& a,
                              const std::vector<mint>& b) {
    int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
    if (!n || !m) return {};

    [[maybe_unused]] int z = (int)internal::bit_ceil((unsigned int)(n + m - 1));
    assert((mint::mod() - 1) % z == 0);

    if (std::min(n, m) <= 60) return convolution_naive(a, b);
    return internal::convolution_fft(a, b);
}

template <unsigned int mod = 998244353,
          class T,
          std::enable_if_t<internal::is_integral<T>::value>* = nullptr>
std::vector<T> convolution(const std::vector<T>& a, const std::vector<T>& b) {
    int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
    if (!n || !m) return {};

    using mint = static_modint<mod>;

    [[maybe_unused]] int z = (int)internal::bit_ceil((unsigned int)(n + m - 1));
    assert((mint::mod() - 1) % z == 0);

    std::vector<mint> a2(n), b2(m);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        a2[i] = mint(a[i]);
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        b2[i] = mint(b[i]);
    }
    auto c2 = convolution(std::move(a2), std::move(b2));
    std::vector<T> c(n + m - 1);
    for (int i = 0; i < n + m - 1; i++) {
        c[i] = c2[i].val();
    }
    return c;
}

std::vector<long long> convolution_ll(const std::vector<long long>& a,
                                      const std::vector<long long>& b) {
    int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
    if (!n || !m) return {};

    static constexpr unsigned long long MOD1 = 754974721;  // 2^24
    static constexpr unsigned long long MOD2 = 167772161;  // 2^25
    static constexpr unsigned long long MOD3 = 469762049;  // 2^26
    static constexpr unsigned long long M2M3 = MOD2 * MOD3;
    static constexpr unsigned long long M1M3 = MOD1 * MOD3;
    static constexpr unsigned long long M1M2 = MOD1 * MOD2;
    static constexpr unsigned long long M1M2M3 = MOD1 * MOD2 * MOD3;

    static constexpr unsigned long long i1 =
        internal::inv_gcd(MOD2 * MOD3, MOD1).second;
    static constexpr unsigned long long i2 =
        internal::inv_gcd(MOD1 * MOD3, MOD2).second;
    static constexpr unsigned long long i3 =
        internal::inv_gcd(MOD1 * MOD2, MOD3).second;
        
    static constexpr int MAX_AB_BIT = 24;
    static_assert(MOD1 % (1ull << MAX_AB_BIT) == 1, "MOD1 isn't enough to support an array length of 2^24.");
    static_assert(MOD2 % (1ull << MAX_AB_BIT) == 1, "MOD2 isn't enough to support an array length of 2^24.");
    static_assert(MOD3 % (1ull << MAX_AB_BIT) == 1, "MOD3 isn't enough to support an array length of 2^24.");
    assert(n + m - 1 <= (1 << MAX_AB_BIT));

    auto c1 = convolution<MOD1>(a, b);
    auto c2 = convolution<MOD2>(a, b);
    auto c3 = convolution<MOD3>(a, b);

    std::vector<long long> c(n + m - 1);
    for (int i = 0; i < n + m - 1; i++) {
        unsigned long long x = 0;
        x += (c1[i] * i1) % MOD1 * M2M3;
        x += (c2[i] * i2) % MOD2 * M1M3;
        x += (c3[i] * i3) % MOD3 * M1M2;
        // B = 2^63, -B <= x, r(real value) < B
        // (x, x - M, x - 2M, or x - 3M) = r (mod 2B)
        // r = c1[i] (mod MOD1)
        // focus on MOD1
        // r = x, x - M', x - 2M', x - 3M' (M' = M % 2^64) (mod 2B)
        // r = x,
        //     x - M' + (0 or 2B),
        //     x - 2M' + (0, 2B or 4B),
        //     x - 3M' + (0, 2B, 4B or 6B) (without mod!)
        // (r - x) = 0, (0)
        //           - M' + (0 or 2B), (1)
        //           -2M' + (0 or 2B or 4B), (2)
        //           -3M' + (0 or 2B or 4B or 6B) (3) (mod MOD1)
        // we checked that
        //   ((1) mod MOD1) mod 5 = 2
        //   ((2) mod MOD1) mod 5 = 3
        //   ((3) mod MOD1) mod 5 = 4
        long long diff =
            c1[i] - internal::safe_mod((long long)(x), (long long)(MOD1));
        if (diff < 0) diff += MOD1;
        static constexpr unsigned long long offset[5] = {
            0, 0, M1M2M3, 2 * M1M2M3, 3 * M1M2M3};
        x -= offset[diff % 5];
        c[i] = x;
    }

    return c;
}

}  // namespace atcoder


#line 1 "tools/ceil_log2.hpp"



#line 6 "tools/ceil_log2.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  constexpr T ceil_log2(T x) noexcept {
    assert(x > 0);
    return tools::bit_width(x - 1);
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/convolution.hpp"



#line 11 "tools/convolution.hpp"
#include <ranges>
#line 1 "tools/available_for_multiple_range_adaptors.hpp"



#line 8 "tools/available_for_multiple_range_adaptors.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  concept available_for_multiple_range_adaptors = std::ranges::forward_range<T>
    && std::ranges::viewable_range<T>
    && std::copyable<std::views::all_t<T>>;
}


#line 1 "tools/garner3.hpp"



#line 7 "tools/garner3.hpp"

namespace tools {

  template <typename M, typename M1, typename M2, typename M3>
  M garner3(const M1& a, const M2& b, const M3& c, const M m) {
    using ull = unsigned long long;
    static const M2 m1_inv_mod_m2 = M2::raw(M1::mod()).inv();
    static const M3 m1_m2_inv_mod_m3 = (M3::raw(M1::mod()) * M3::raw(M2::mod())).inv();

    static const auto plus_mod = [](ull x, const ull y, const ull mod) {
      assert(x < mod);
      assert(y < mod);

      x += y;
      if (x >= mod) x -= mod;
      return x; 
    };

    assert(m >= 1);
    assert(M1::mod() < M2::mod());
    assert(M2::mod() < M3::mod());
    assert(tools::is_prime(M1::mod()));
    assert(tools::is_prime(M2::mod()));
    assert(tools::is_prime(M3::mod()));

    // t1 = (b - a) / M1; (mod M2)
    // t2 = (c - a - t1 * M1) / M1 / M2; (mod M3)
    // return a + t1 * M1 + t2 * M1 * M2; (mod m)
    const M2 t1 = (b - M2::raw(a.val())) * m1_inv_mod_m2;
    const M3 t2 = (c - M3::raw(a.val()) - M3::raw(t1.val()) * M3::raw(M1::mod())) * m1_m2_inv_mod_m3;
    ull r = tools::prod_mod(t2.val(), ull(M1::mod()) * ull(M2::mod()), m);
    assert(r < ull(m));
    r = plus_mod(r, ull(t1.val()) * ull(M1::mod()) % m, m);
    assert(r < ull(m));
    r = plus_mod(r, a.val() % m, m);
    assert(r < ull(m));
    return r;
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/modint.hpp"



#line 1 "tools/modint_compatible.hpp"



#line 6 "tools/modint_compatible.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  concept modint_compatible = std::regular<std::remove_cv_t<T>>
    && std::equality_comparable<std::remove_cv_t<T>>
    && std::constructible_from<std::remove_cv_t<T>, bool>
    && std::constructible_from<std::remove_cv_t<T>, char>
    && std::constructible_from<std::remove_cv_t<T>, int>
    && std::constructible_from<std::remove_cv_t<T>, long long>
    && std::constructible_from<std::remove_cv_t<T>, unsigned int>
    && std::constructible_from<std::remove_cv_t<T>, unsigned long long>
    && requires(std::remove_cv_t<T> a, std::remove_cv_t<T> b, int v_int, long long v_ll) {
      { std::remove_cv_t<T>::mod() } -> std::convertible_to<int>;
      { std::remove_cv_t<T>::raw(v_int) } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>>;
      { a.val() } -> std::convertible_to<int>;
      { ++a } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>&>;
      { --a } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>&>;
      { a++ } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>>;
      { a-- } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>>;
      { a += b } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>&>;
      { a -= b } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>&>;
      { a *= b } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>&>;
      { a /= b } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>&>;
      { +a } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>>;
      { -a } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>>;
      { a.pow(v_ll) } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>>;
      { a.inv() } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>>;
      { a + b } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>>;
      { a - b } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>>;
      { a * b } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>>;
      { a / b } -> std::same_as<std::remove_cv_t<T>>;
    };
}


#line 7 "tools/modint.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  concept modint = tools::modint_compatible<T>
    && requires(std::remove_cv_t<T> a) {
      { std::remove_cv_t<T>::mod() } -> std::same_as<int>;
      { a.val() } -> std::same_as<int>;
    };
}


#line 1 "tools/pow2.hpp"



#line 7 "tools/pow2.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <tools::integral T>
  constexpr T pow2(const T x) noexcept {
    assert(0 <= x && x < std::numeric_limits<T>::digits);
    return T(1) << x;
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/ring.hpp"



#line 1 "tools/commutative_group.hpp"



#line 1 "tools/commutative_monoid.hpp"



#line 1 "tools/monoid.hpp"



#line 5 "tools/monoid.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename M>
  concept monoid = requires(typename M::T x, typename M::T y) {
    { M::op(x, y) } -> std::same_as<typename M::T>;
    { M::e() } -> std::same_as<typename M::T>;
  };
}


#line 5 "tools/commutative_monoid.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename M>
  concept commutative_monoid = tools::monoid<M>;
}


#line 1 "tools/group.hpp"



#line 6 "tools/group.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename G>
  concept group = tools::monoid<G> && requires(typename G::T x) {
    { G::inv(x) } -> std::same_as<typename G::T>;
  };
}


#line 6 "tools/commutative_group.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename G>
  concept commutative_group = tools::group<G> && tools::commutative_monoid<G>;
}


#line 1 "tools/semiring.hpp"



#line 6 "tools/semiring.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename R>
  concept semiring = tools::commutative_monoid<typename R::add> && tools::monoid<typename R::mul> && std::same_as<typename R::add::T, typename R::mul::T>;
}


#line 6 "tools/ring.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename R>
  concept ring = tools::semiring<R> && tools::commutative_group<typename R::add>;
}


#line 1 "tools/rings.hpp"



#line 1 "tools/semirings.hpp"



#line 8 "tools/semirings.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace semirings {
    template <tools::commutative_monoid A, tools::monoid M>
    struct of {
      using add = A;
      using mul = M;
    };

    template <typename R>
    using min_plus = tools::semirings::of<tools::monoids::min<R>, tools::groups::plus<R>>;

    template <typename R>
    using max_plus = tools::semirings::of<tools::monoids::max<R>, tools::groups::plus<R>>;

    template <typename R>
    using min_max = tools::semirings::of<tools::monoids::min<R>, tools::monoids::max<R>>;

    template <typename R>
    using max_min = tools::semirings::of<tools::monoids::max<R>, tools::monoids::min<R>>;
  }
}


#line 9 "tools/rings.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace rings {
    template <tools::commutative_group A, tools::monoid M>
    using of = tools::semirings::of<A, M>;

    template <typename R>
    using plus_multiplies = tools::rings::of<tools::groups::plus<R>, tools::monoids::multiplies<R>>;

    template <typename R>
    using xor_and = tools::rings::of<tools::groups::bit_xor<R>, tools::monoids::bit_and<R>>;
  }
}


#line 28 "tools/convolution.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace detail {
    namespace convolution {
      template <tools::ring R, std::ranges::forward_range R1, std::ranges::forward_range R2>
      requires std::same_as<std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>, std::ranges::range_value_t<R2>>
            && std::assignable_from<typename R::add::T&, std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>>
      auto naive(R1&& a, R2&& b) {
        assert(!std::ranges::empty(a));
        assert(!std::ranges::empty(b));

        using Add = typename R::add;
        using Mul = typename R::mul;
        using T = typename Add::T;

        const auto n = std::ranges::distance(a);
        const auto m = std::ranges::distance(b);

        std::vector<T> c(n + m - 1, Add::e());
        if (n < m) {
          auto it1 = c.begin();
          for (const auto& b_j : b) {
            auto it2 = it1;
            for (const auto& a_i : a) {
              *it2 = Add::op(*it2, Mul::op(a_i, b_j));
              ++it2;
            }
            ++it1;
          }
        } else {
          auto it1 = c.begin();
          for (const auto& a_i : a) {
            auto it2 = it1;
            for (const auto& b_j : b) {
              *it2 = Add::op(*it2, Mul::op(a_i, b_j));
              ++it2;
            }
            ++it1;
          }
        }

        return c;
      }

      template <std::ranges::input_range R1, std::ranges::input_range R2>
      requires std::same_as<std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>, std::ranges::range_value_t<R2>>
            && (std::floating_point<std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>> || tools::complex<std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>>)
      auto fft(R1&& pa, R2&& pb) {
        using T = std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>;
        using C = std::conditional_t<std::floating_point<T>, std::complex<T>, T>;
        using R = typename C::value_type;

        assert(!std::ranges::empty(pa));
        assert(!std::ranges::empty(pb));

        std::vector<C> a, b;
        if constexpr (std::same_as<T, R>) {
          for (auto&& a_i : pa) {
            a.emplace_back(std::forward<decltype(a_i)>(a_i), 0);
          }
          for (auto&& b_i : pb) {
            b.emplace_back(std::forward<decltype(b_i)>(b_i), 0);
          }
        } else {
          a = std::forward<R1>(pa) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<C>>();
          b = std::forward<R2>(pb) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<C>>();
        }
        const auto n = a.size() + b.size() - 1;
        const auto z = tools::pow2(tools::ceil_log2(n));
        a.resize(z);
        b.resize(z);

        std::vector<C> pow_root;
        pow_root.reserve(z);
        pow_root.emplace_back(1, 0);
        if (z > 1) pow_root.push_back(std::polar<R>(1, R(2) * std::acos(R(-1)) / z));
        for (std::size_t p = 2; p < z; p *= 2) {
          pow_root.push_back(pow_root[p / 2] * pow_root[p / 2]);
          for (std::size_t i = p + 1; i < p * 2; ++i) {
            pow_root.push_back(pow_root[p] * pow_root[i - p]);
          }
        }

        const auto butterfly = [&](std::vector<C>& f) {
          std::vector<C> prev(z);
          for (std::size_t p = z / 2; p >= 1; p /= 2) {
            prev.swap(f);
            for (std::size_t qp = 0; qp < z; qp += p) {
              for (std::size_t r = 0; r < p; ++r) {
                f[qp + r] = prev[qp * 2 % z + r] + pow_root[qp] * prev[qp * 2 % z + p + r];
              }
            }
          }
        };

        butterfly(a);
        butterfly(b);

        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < z; ++i) {
          a[i] *= b[i];
        }

        std::reverse(std::next(pow_root.begin()), pow_root.end());
        butterfly(a);

        if constexpr (std::same_as<T, R>) {
          std::vector<T> c;
          c.reserve(n);
          for (std::size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            c.push_back(a[i].real() / z);
          }
          return c;
        } else {
          a.resize(n);
          for (auto& a_i : a) {
            a_i /= z;
          }
          return a;
        }
      }

      template <std::ranges::input_range R1, std::ranges::input_range R2>
      requires (std::same_as<std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>, std::ranges::range_value_t<R2>>
            && atcoder::internal::is_static_modint<std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>>::value
            && std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>::mod() <= 2000000000
            && tools::is_prime(std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>::mod()))
      auto ntt(R1&& pa, R2&& pb) {
        using M = std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>;
        
        assert(!std::ranges::empty(pa));
        assert(!std::ranges::empty(pb));

        auto a = std::forward<R1>(pa) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<M>>();
        auto b = std::forward<R2>(pb) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<M>>();
        const auto n = a.size();
        const auto m = b.size();
        const auto z = tools::pow2(tools::ceil_log2(n + m - 1));
        assert((M::mod() - 1) % z == 0);

        if (n == m && 4 * n == z + 4) {

          const auto afbf = a.front() * b.front();
          const auto abbb = a.back() * b.back();

          a.resize(z / 2);
          atcoder::internal::butterfly(a);

          b.resize(z / 2);
          atcoder::internal::butterfly(b);

          for (std::size_t i = 0; i < z / 2; ++i) {
            a[i] *= b[i];
          }

          atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(a);
          const auto iz = M(z / 2).inv();

          a.resize(n + m - 1);
          a.front() = afbf;
          for (auto it = std::next(a.begin()), end = std::prev(a.end()); it != end; ++it) {
            *it *= iz;
          }
          a.back() = abbb;

        } else {

          a.resize(z);
          atcoder::internal::butterfly(a);

          b.resize(z);
          atcoder::internal::butterfly(b);

          for (std::size_t i = 0; i < z; ++i) {
            a[i] *= b[i];
          }

          atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(a);
          const auto iz = M(z).inv();

          a.resize(n + m - 1);
          for (auto& a_i : a) {
            a_i *= iz;
          }

        }

        return a;
      }

      template <std::ranges::input_range R1, std::ranges::input_range R2>
      requires std::same_as<std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>, std::ranges::range_value_t<R2>>
            && tools::modint<std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>>
      auto ntt_and_garner(R1&& a, R2&& b) {
        using M = std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>;

        if constexpr (tools::available_for_multiple_range_adaptors<R1> && tools::available_for_multiple_range_adaptors<R2>) {
          using M1 = atcoder::static_modint<1107296257>; // 33 * 2^25 + 1
          using M2 = atcoder::static_modint<1711276033>; // 51 * 2^25 + 1
          using M3 = atcoder::static_modint<1811939329>; // 27 * 2^26 + 1

          assert(!std::ranges::empty(a));
          assert(!std::ranges::empty(b));

          #ifndef NDEBUG
          const auto n = std::ranges::distance(a);
          const auto m = std::ranges::distance(b);
          const auto z = tools::pow2(tools::ceil_log2(n + m - 1));
          #endif
          assert((M1::mod() - 1) % z == 0);
          assert((M2::mod() - 1) % z == 0);
          assert((M3::mod() - 1) % z == 0);

          // No need for the following assertion because the condition always holds.
          // assert(std::min(n, m) * tools::square(M::mod() - 1) < M1::mod() * M2::mod() * M3::mod());

          return std::views::zip_transform(
            [](const auto c1_i, const auto c2_i, const auto c3_i) {
              return M::raw(tools::garner3(c1_i, c2_i, c3_i, M::mod()));
            },
            tools::detail::convolution::ntt(
              a | std::views::transform([](const auto a_i) { return M1(a_i.val()); }),
              b | std::views::transform([](const auto b_i) { return M1(b_i.val()); })
            ),
            tools::detail::convolution::ntt(
              a | std::views::transform([](const auto a_i) { return M2(a_i.val()); }),
              b | std::views::transform([](const auto b_i) { return M2(b_i.val()); })
            ),
            tools::detail::convolution::ntt(
              a | std::views::transform([](const auto a_i) { return M3(a_i.val()); }),
              b | std::views::transform([](const auto b_i) { return M3(b_i.val()); })
            )
          ) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<M>>();
        } else {
          const auto va = std::forward<R1>(a) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<M>>();
          const auto vb = std::forward<R2>(b) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<M>>();
          return tools::detail::convolution::ntt_and_garner(va, vb);
        }
      }

      template <std::ranges::input_range R1, std::ranges::input_range R2>
      requires std::same_as<std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>, std::ranges::range_value_t<R2>>
            && std::integral<std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>>
      auto ntt_and_garner_for_ll(R1&& a, R2&& b) {
        using Z = std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>;
        using ll = long long;

        return atcoder::convolution_ll(
          std::forward<R1>(a) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<ll>>(),
          std::forward<R2>(b) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<ll>>()
        ) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<Z>>();
      }
    }
  }

  template <tools::ring R, std::ranges::input_range R1, std::ranges::input_range R2>
  requires std::same_as<std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>, std::ranges::range_value_t<R2>>
        && std::assignable_from<typename R::add::T&, std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>>
  auto convolution(R1&& a, R2&& b) {
    if constexpr (std::ranges::forward_range<R1> && std::ranges::forward_range<R2>) {
      using Add = typename R::add;
      using Mul = typename R::mul;
      using T = typename Add::T;

      if (std::ranges::empty(a) || std::ranges::empty(b)) {
        return std::vector<T>{};
      }

      const auto n = std::ranges::distance(a);
      const auto m = std::ranges::distance(b);

      if (std::min(n, m) <= 60) {
        return tools::detail::convolution::naive<R>(std::forward<R1>(a), std::forward<R2>(b));
      }

      if constexpr (std::same_as<Add, tools::groups::plus<T>> && (std::same_as<Mul, tools::monoids::multiplies<T>> || std::same_as<Mul, tools::groups::multiplies<T>>)) {
        if constexpr (std::floating_point<T> || tools::complex<T>) {
          return tools::detail::convolution::fft(std::forward<R1>(a), std::forward<R2>(b));
        } else if constexpr (std::integral<T>) {
          return tools::detail::convolution::ntt_and_garner_for_ll(std::forward<R1>(a), std::forward<R2>(b));
        } else if constexpr (tools::modint<T>) {
          if constexpr (atcoder::internal::is_static_modint<T>::value && T::mod() <= 2000000000 && tools::is_prime(T::mod())) {
            if ((T::mod() - 1) % tools::pow2(tools::ceil_log2(n + m - 1)) == 0) {
              return tools::detail::convolution::ntt(std::forward<R1>(a), std::forward<R2>(b));
            } else {
              return tools::detail::convolution::ntt_and_garner(std::forward<R1>(a), std::forward<R2>(b));
            }
          } else {
            return tools::detail::convolution::ntt_and_garner(std::forward<R1>(a), std::forward<R2>(b));
          }
        } else {
          return tools::detail::convolution::naive<R>(std::forward<R1>(a), std::forward<R2>(b));
        }
      } else {
        return tools::detail::convolution::naive<R>(std::forward<R1>(a), std::forward<R2>(b));
      }
    } else {
      return tools::convolution(
        std::forward<R1>(a) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>>>(),
        std::forward<R2>(b) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<std::ranges::range_value_t<R2>>>()
      );
    }
  }

  template <std::ranges::input_range R1, std::ranges::input_range R2>
  requires std::same_as<std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>, std::ranges::range_value_t<R2>>
  auto convolution(R1&& a, R2&& b) {
    return tools::convolution<tools::rings::plus_multiplies<std::ranges::range_value_t<R1>>>(std::forward<R1>(a), std::forward<R2>(b));
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/exp.hpp"



#line 7 "tools/exp.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace detail::exp {
    template <typename T>
    struct impl {
      constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(std::exp(x))) {
        return std::exp(x);
      }
    };
  }

  template <typename T>
  constexpr decltype(auto) exp(T&& x) noexcept(noexcept(tools::detail::exp::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x)))) {
    return tools::detail::exp::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x));
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/less_by_first.hpp"



#line 5 "tools/less_by_first.hpp"

namespace tools {

  struct less_by_first {
    template <typename T1, typename T2>
    bool operator()(const std::pair<T1, T2>& x, const std::pair<T1, T2>& y) const {
      return x.first < y.first;
    }
  };
}


#line 1 "tools/log.hpp"



#line 7 "tools/log.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace detail::log {
    template <typename T>
    struct impl {
      constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(const T x) const noexcept(noexcept(std::log(x))) {
        return std::log(x);
      }
    };
  }

  template <typename T>
  constexpr decltype(auto) log(T&& x) noexcept(noexcept(tools::detail::log::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x)))) {
    return tools::detail::log::impl<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>{}(std::forward<T>(x));
  }
}


#line 1 "tools/pow.hpp"



#line 1 "tools/square.hpp"



#line 5 "tools/square.hpp"

namespace tools {

  template <tools::monoid M>
  constexpr typename M::T square(const typename M::T& x) noexcept(noexcept(M::op(x, x))) {
    return M::op(x, x);
  }

  template <typename T>
  requires (!tools::monoid<T>)
  constexpr T square(const T& x) noexcept(noexcept(x * x)) {
    return x * x;
  }
}


#line 14 "tools/pow.hpp"

namespace tools {
  namespace detail::pow {
    template <typename X, typename E>
    struct impl {
      template <typename G = X>
      requires std::same_as<G, X> && tools::group<G>
      constexpr typename G::T operator()(const typename G::T& b, const E n) const
      noexcept(noexcept(G::e()) && noexcept(G::op(b, b)) && noexcept(G::inv(b)))
      requires tools::integral<E> {
        if (n < 0) return G::inv((*this)(b, -n));
        if (n == 0) return G::e();
        if (n % 2 == 0) return tools::square<G>((*this)(b, n / 2));
        return G::op((*this)(b, n - 1), b);
      }

      template <typename M = X>
      requires (std::same_as<M, X> && !tools::group<M> && tools::monoid<M>)
      constexpr typename M::T operator()(const typename M::T& b, const E n) const
      noexcept(noexcept(M::e()) && noexcept(M::op(b, b)))
      requires tools::integral<E> {
        assert(n >= 0);
        if (n == 0) return M::e();
        if (n % 2 == 0) return tools::square<M>((*this)(b, n / 2));
        return M::op((*this)(b, n - 1), b);
      }

      constexpr X operator()(const X& b, const E n) const
      noexcept(noexcept(impl<tools::multiplicative_structure<X>, E>{}(b, n)))
      requires (!tools::monoid<X> && tools::integral<E>) {
        return impl<tools::multiplicative_structure<X>, E>{}(b, n);
      }

      constexpr decltype(auto) operator()(const X& b, const E n) const
      noexcept(noexcept(std::pow(b, n)))
      requires (!tools::monoid<X> && !tools::integral<E>) {
        return std::pow(b, n);
      }
    };
  }

  template <typename X = void>
  constexpr decltype(auto) pow(auto&& b, auto&& n) noexcept(noexcept(tools::detail::pow::impl<std::conditional_t<std::same_as<X, void>, std::remove_cvref_t<decltype(b)>, X>, std::remove_cvref_t<decltype(n)>>{}(std::forward<decltype(b)>(b), std::forward<decltype(n)>(n)))) {
    return tools::detail::pow::impl<std::conditional_t<std::same_as<X, void>, std::remove_cvref_t<decltype(b)>, X>, std::remove_cvref_t<decltype(n)>>{}(std::forward<decltype(b)>(b), std::forward<decltype(n)>(n));
  }
}


#line 24 "tools/fps.hpp"

// Source: https://opt-cp.com/fps-implementation/
// License: CC0
// Author: opt

namespace tools {
  template <tools::modint M>
  class fps;

  template <tools::modint M>
  struct detail::exp::impl<tools::fps<M>> {
    tools::fps<M> operator()(auto&&) const;
  };
  template <tools::modint M>
  struct detail::log::impl<tools::fps<M>> {
    tools::fps<M> operator()(auto&&) const;
  };
  template <tools::modint M, tools::integral E>
  struct detail::pow::impl<tools::fps<M>, E> {
    tools::fps<M> operator()(auto&&, E) const;
  };

  template <tools::modint M>
  class fps {
    using F = tools::fps<M>;
    std::vector<M> m_vector;

    // maximum 2^k s.t. x = 1 (mod 2^k)
    static constexpr int pow2_k(const unsigned int x) {
      return (x - 1) & -(x - 1);
    }

    // d <= lpf(M)
    static bool is_leq_lpf_of_M(const int d) {
      if (M::mod() == 1) return true;
      for (int i = 2; i < d; ++i) {
        if (M::mod() % i == 0) return false;
      }
      return true;
    }

  public:
    using reference = M&;
    using const_reference = const M&;
    using iterator = typename std::vector<M>::iterator;
    using const_iterator = typename std::vector<M>::const_iterator;
    using size_type = std::size_t;
    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
    using value_type = M;
    using allocator_type = typename std::vector<M>::allocator_type;
    using pointer = M*;
    using const_pointer = const M*;
    using reverse_iterator = typename std::vector<M>::reverse_iterator;
    using const_reverse_iterator = typename std::vector<M>::const_reverse_iterator;

    fps() = default;
    explicit fps(const size_type n) : m_vector(n) {}
    fps(const size_type n, const_reference value) : m_vector(n, value) {}
    template <class InputIter> fps(const InputIter first, const InputIter last) : m_vector(first, last) {}
    fps(const std::initializer_list<M> il) : m_vector(il) {}

    iterator begin() noexcept { return this->m_vector.begin(); }
    const_iterator begin() const noexcept { return this->m_vector.begin(); }
    iterator end() noexcept { return this->m_vector.end(); }
    const_iterator end() const noexcept { return this->m_vector.end(); }
    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept { return this->m_vector.cbegin(); }
    const_iterator cend() const noexcept { return this->m_vector.cend(); }
    reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept { return this->m_vector.rbegin(); }
    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept { return this->m_vector.rbegin(); }
    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept { return this->m_vector.crbegin(); }
    reverse_iterator rend() noexcept { return this->m_vector.rend(); }
    const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept { return this->m_vector.rend(); }
    const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept { return this->m_vector.crend(); }

    size_type size() const noexcept { return this->m_vector.size(); }
    size_type max_size() const noexcept { return this->m_vector.max_size(); }
    void resize(const size_type sz) { this->m_vector.resize(sz); }
    void resize(const size_type sz, const M& c) { this->m_vector.resize(sz, c); }
    size_type capacity() const noexcept { return this->m_vector.capacity(); }
    bool empty() const noexcept { return this->m_vector.empty(); }
    void reserve(const size_type n) { this->m_vector.reserve(n); }
    void shrink_to_fit() { this->m_vector.shrink_to_fit(); }

    reference operator[](const size_type n) { return this->m_vector[n]; }
    const_reference operator[](const size_type n) const { return this->m_vector[n]; }
    reference at(const size_type n) { return this->m_vector.at(n); }
    const_reference at(const size_type n) const { return this->m_vector.at(n); }
    pointer data() noexcept { return this->m_vector.data(); }
    const_pointer data() const noexcept { return this->m_vector.data(); }
    reference front() { return this->m_vector.front(); }
    const_reference front() const { return this->m_vector.front(); }
    reference back() { return this->m_vector.back(); }
    const_reference back() const { return this->m_vector.back(); }

    template <class InputIterator> void assign(const InputIterator first, const InputIterator last) { this->m_vector.assign(first, last); }
    void assign(const size_type n, const M& u) { this->m_vector.assign(n, u); }
    void assign(const std::initializer_list<M> il) { this->m_vector.assign(il); }
    void push_back(const M& x) { this->m_vector.push_back(x); }
    void push_back(M&& x) { this->m_vector.push_back(std::forward<M>(x)); }
    template <class... Args> reference emplace_back(Args&&... args) { return this->m_vector.emplace_back(std::forward<Args>(args)...); }
    void pop_back() { this->m_vector.pop_back(); }
    iterator insert(const const_iterator position, const M& x) { return this->m_vector.insert(position, x); }
    iterator insert(const const_iterator position, M&& x) { return this->m_vector.insert(position, std::forward<M>(x)); }
    iterator insert(const const_iterator position, const size_type n, const M& x) { return this->m_vector.insert(position, n, x); }
    template <class InputIterator> iterator insert(const const_iterator position, const InputIterator first, const InputIterator last) { return this->m_vector.insert(position, first, last); }
    iterator insert(const const_iterator position, const std::initializer_list<M> il) { return this->m_vector.insert(position, il); }
    template <class... Args> iterator emplace(const const_iterator position, Args&&... args) { return this->m_vector.emplace(position, std::forward<Args>(args)...); }
    iterator erase(const const_iterator position) { return this->m_vector.erase(position); }
    iterator erase(const const_iterator first, const const_iterator last) { return this->m_vector.erase(first, last); }
    void swap(F& x) noexcept { this->m_vector.swap(x.m_vector); }
    void clear() { this->m_vector.clear(); }

    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept { return this->m_vector.get_allocator(); }

    friend bool operator==(const F& x, const F& y) { return x.m_vector == y.m_vector; }
    friend bool operator!=(const F& x, const F& y) { return x.m_vector != y.m_vector; }

    friend void swap(F& x, F& y) noexcept { x.m_vector.swap(y.m_vector); }

    F operator+() const {
      return *this;
    }
    F operator-() const {
      F res(*this);
      for (auto& e : res) {
        e = -e;
      }
      return res;
    }
    F& operator++() {
      if (!this->empty()) ++(*this)[0];
      return *this;
    }
    F operator++(int) {
      const auto self = *this;
      ++*this;
      return self;
    }
    F& operator--() {
      if (!this->empty()) --(*this)[0];
      return *this;
    }
    F operator--(int) {
      const auto self = *this;
      --*this;
      return self;
    }
    F& operator*=(const M& g) {
      for (auto& e : *this) {
        e *= g;
      }
      return *this;
    }
    F& operator/=(const M& g) {
      assert(std::gcd(g.val(), M::mod()) == 1);
      *this *= g.inv();
      return *this;
    }
    F& operator+=(const F& g) {
      const int n = this->size();
      const int m = g.size();
      for (int i = 0; i < std::min(n, m); ++i) {
        (*this)[i] += g[i];
      }
      return *this;
    }
    F& operator-=(const F& g) {
      const int n = this->size();
      const int m = g.size();
      for (int i = 0; i < std::min(n, m); ++i) {
        (*this)[i] -= g[i];
      }
      return *this;
    }
    F& operator<<=(const int d) {
      if (d < 0) *this >>= -d;

      const int n = this->size();
      this->resize(std::max(0, n - d));
      this->insert(this->begin(), std::min(n, d), M::raw(0));
      return *this;
    }
    F& operator>>=(const int d) {
      if (d < 0) *this <<= -d;

      const int n = this->size();
      this->erase(this->begin(), this->begin() + std::min(n, d));
      this->resize(n);
      return *this;
    }
    F& multiply_inplace(const F& g, const int d) {
      assert(d >= 0);
      this->m_vector = tools::convolution(*this | std::views::take(d), g | std::views::take(d));
      this->m_vector.resize(d);
      return *this;
    }
    F& multiply_inplace(const F& g) { return this->multiply_inplace(g, this->size()); }
    F& operator*=(const F& g) { return this->multiply_inplace(g); }
    F multiply(const F& g, const int d) const { return F(*this).multiply_inplace(g, d); }
    F multiply(const F& g) const { return this->multiply(g, this->size()); }

  private:
    F inv_regular(const int d) const {
      assert(d > 0);
      assert(M::mod() > 1);
      assert(!this->empty());
      assert(std::gcd((*this)[0].val(), M::mod()) == 1);

      const int n = this->size();
      F res{(*this)[0].inv()};
      for (int m = 1; m < d; m *= 2) {
        F f(this->begin(), this->begin() + std::min(n, 2 * m));
        f *= -1;
        F r(res);
        r.multiply_inplace(r, 2 * m);
        r.multiply_inplace(f);
        r += res;
        r += res;
        res = std::move(r);
      }
      res.resize(d);
      return res;
    }
    template <typename M_ = M>
    F inv_faster(const int d) const {
      static_assert(atcoder::internal::is_static_modint<M>::value);
      static_assert(2 <= M::mod() && M::mod() <= 2000000000);
      static_assert(tools::is_prime(M::mod()));
      assert(d > 0);
      assert(!this->empty());
      assert(tools::pow2(tools::ceil_log2(d)) <= pow2_k(M::mod()));
      assert(std::gcd((*this)[0].val(), M::mod()) == 1);

      const int n = this->size();
      F res{(*this)[0].inv()};
      for (int m = 1; m < d; m *= 2) {
        F f(this->begin(), this->begin() + std::min(n, 2 * m));
        F r(res);
        f.resize(2 * m);
        atcoder::internal::butterfly(f.m_vector);
        r.resize(2 * m);
        atcoder::internal::butterfly(r.m_vector);
        for (int i = 0; i < 2 * m; ++i) {
          f[i] *= r[i];
        }
        atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(f.m_vector);
        f.erase(f.begin(), f.begin() + m);
        f.resize(2 * m);
        atcoder::internal::butterfly(f.m_vector);
        for (int i = 0; i < 2 * m; ++i) {
          f[i] *= r[i];
        }
        atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(f.m_vector);
        M iz = M(2 * m).inv();
        iz *= -iz;
        for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
          f[i] *= iz;
        }
        res.insert(res.end(), f.begin(), f.begin() + m);
      }
      res.resize(d);
      return res;
    }

  public:
    F inv(const int d) const {
      assert(d >= 0);
      if (d == 0) return F();
      if (M::mod() == 1) return F(d);
      assert(!this->empty());
      assert(std::gcd((*this)[0].val(), M::mod()) == 1);

      if constexpr (atcoder::internal::is_static_modint<M>::value && M::mod() <= 2000000000 && tools::is_prime(M::mod())) {
        if (tools::pow2(tools::ceil_log2(d)) <= pow2_k(M::mod())) {
          return this->inv_faster(d);
        } else {
          return this->inv_regular(d);
        }
      } else {
        return this->inv_regular(d);
      }
    }
    F inv() const { return this->inv(this->size()); }

    F& divide_inplace(const F& g, const int d) {
      assert(d >= 0);
      this->m_vector = tools::convolution(*this | std::views::take(d), g.inv(d));
      this->m_vector.resize(d);
      return *this;
    }
    F& divide_inplace(const F& g) { return this->divide_inplace(g, this->size()); }
    F& operator/=(const F& g) { return this->divide_inplace(g); }
    F divide(const F& g, const int d) const { return F(*this).divide_inplace(g, d); }
    F divide(const F& g) const { return this->divide(g, this->size()); }

    // sparse
    template <class InputIterator>
    F& multiply_inplace(InputIterator g_begin, const InputIterator g_end) {
      assert(std::is_sorted(g_begin, g_end, tools::less_by_first()));

      const int n = this->size();
      if (g_begin == g_end) {
        std::fill(this->begin(), this->end(), M::raw(0));
        return *this;
      }

      auto [d, c] = *g_begin;
      if (d == 0) {
        ++g_begin;
      } else {
        c = M::raw(0);
      }
      for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
        (*this)[i] *= c;
        for (auto it = g_begin; it != g_end; ++it) {
          const auto& [j, b] = *it;
          if (j > i) break;
          (*this)[i] += (*this)[i - j] * b;
        }
      }
      return *this;
    }
    F& multiply_inplace(const std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, M>> il) { return this->multiply_inplace(il.begin(), il.end()); }
    template <class InputIterator>
    F multiply(const InputIterator g_begin, const InputIterator g_end) const { return F(*this).multiply_inplace(g_begin, g_end); }
    F multiply(const std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, M>> il) const { return this->multiply(il.begin(), il.end()); }

    template <class InputIterator>
    F& divide_inplace(InputIterator g_begin, const InputIterator g_end) {
      assert(g_begin != g_end);
      assert(std::is_sorted(g_begin, g_end, tools::less_by_first()));

      const int n = this->size();
      if (n == 0) return *this;
      if (M::mod() == 1) return *this;

      const auto [d, c] = *g_begin;
      assert(d == 0 && std::gcd(c.val(), M::mod()) == 1);
      const M ic = c.inv();
      ++g_begin;
      for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        for (auto it = g_begin; it != g_end; ++it) {
          const auto& [j, b] = *it;
          if (j > i) break;
          (*this)[i] -= (*this)[i - j] * b;
        }
        (*this)[i] *= ic;
      }
      return *this;
    }
    F& divide_inplace(const std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, M>> il) { return this->divide_inplace(il.begin(), il.end()); }
    template <class InputIterator>
    F divide(const InputIterator g_begin, const InputIterator g_end) const { return F(*this).divide_inplace(g_begin, g_end); }
    F divide(const std::initializer_list<std::pair<int, M>> il) const { return this->divide(il.begin(), il.end()); }

    // multiply and divide (1 + cz^d)
    F& multiply_inplace(const int d, const M c) {
      assert(d > 0);
      const int n = this->size();
      if (c == M(1)) {
        for (int i = n - d - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
          (*this)[i + d] += (*this)[i];
        }
      } else if (c == M(-1)) {
        for (int i = n - d - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
          (*this)[i + d] -= (*this)[i];
        }
      } else {
        for (int i = n - d - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
          (*this)[i + d] += (*this)[i] * c;
        }
      }
      return *this;
    }
    F multiply(const int d, const M c) const { return F(*this).multiply_inplace(d, c); }
    F& divide_inplace(const int d, const M c) {
      assert(d > 0);
      const int n = this->size();
      if (c == M(1)) {
        for (int i = 0; i < n - d; ++i) {
          (*this)[i + d] -= (*this)[i];
        }
      } else if (c == M(-1)) {
        for (int i = 0; i < n - d; ++i) {
          (*this)[i + d] += (*this)[i];
        }
      } else {
        for (int i = 0; i < n - d; ++i) {
          (*this)[i + d] -= (*this)[i] * c;
        }
      }
      return *this;
    }
    F divide(const int d, const M c) const { return F(*this).divide_inplace(d, c); }

    F& integral_inplace() {
      const int n = this->size();
      assert(is_leq_lpf_of_M(n));

      if (n == 0) return *this;
      if (n == 1) return *this = F{0};
      this->insert(this->begin(), 0);
      this->pop_back();
      std::vector<M> inv(n);
      inv[1] = M(1);
      int p = M::mod();
      for (int i = 2; i < n; ++i) {
        inv[i] = -inv[p % i] * (p / i);
      }
      for (int i = 2; i < n; ++i) {
        (*this)[i] *= inv[i];
      }
      return *this;
    }
    F integral() const { return F(*this).integral_inplace(); }

    F& derivative_inplace() {
      const int n = this->size();
      if (n == 0) return *this;
      for (int i = 2; i < n; ++i) {
        (*this)[i] *= i;
      }
      this->erase(this->begin());
      this->push_back(0);
      return *this;
    }
    F derivative() const { return F(*this).derivative_inplace(); }

    F& log_inplace(const int d) {
      assert(d >= 0);
      assert(is_leq_lpf_of_M(d));
      this->resize(d);
      if (d == 0) return *this;
      assert((*this)[0] == M(1));

      const F f_inv = this->inv();
      this->derivative_inplace();
      this->multiply_inplace(f_inv);
      this->integral_inplace();
      return *this;
    }
    F& log_inplace() { return this->log_inplace(this->size()); }
    F log(const int d) const { return F(*this).log_inplace(d); }
    F log() const { return this->log(this->size()); }

  private:
    F& exp_inplace_regular(const int d) {
      assert(d >= 0);
      assert(is_leq_lpf_of_M(d));
      assert(this->empty() || (*this)[0] == M::raw(0));

      const int n = this->size();
      F g{1};
      for (int m = 1; m < d; m *= 2) {
        F r(g);
        r.resize(2 * m);
        r.log_inplace();
        r *= -1;
        r += F(this->begin(), this->begin() + std::min(n, 2 * m));
        ++r[0];
        r.multiply_inplace(g);
        g = std::move(r);
      }
      g.resize(d);
      *this = std::move(g);
      return *this;
    }
    template <typename M_ = M>
    F& exp_inplace_faster(const int d) {
      static_assert(atcoder::internal::is_static_modint<M>::value);
      static_assert(2 <= M::mod() && M::mod() <= 2000000000);
      static_assert(tools::is_prime(M::mod()));
      assert(d > 0);
      assert(is_leq_lpf_of_M(d));
      assert(tools::pow2(tools::ceil_log2(d)) <= pow2_k(M::mod()));
      assert(this->empty() || (*this)[0] == M::raw(0));
 
      F g{1}, g_fft{1, 1};
      this->resize(d);
      (*this)[0] = 1;
      F h_drv(this->derivative());
      for (int m = 2; m < d; m *= 2) {
        // prepare
        F f_fft(this->begin(), this->begin() + m);
        f_fft.resize(2 * m);
        atcoder::internal::butterfly(f_fft.m_vector);

        // Step 2.a'
        {
          F g_(m);
          for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
            g_[i] = f_fft[i] * g_fft[i];
          }
          atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(g_.m_vector);
          g_.erase(g_.begin(), g_.begin() + m / 2);
          g_.resize(m);
          atcoder::internal::butterfly(g_.m_vector);
          for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
            g_[i] *= g_fft[i];
          }
          atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(g_.m_vector);
          g_.resize(m / 2);
          g_ /= M(-m) * m;
          g.insert(g.end(), g_.begin(), g_.begin() + m / 2);
        }

        // Step 2.b'--d'
        F t(this->begin(), this->begin() + m);
        t.derivative_inplace();
        {
          // Step 2.b'
          F r{h_drv.begin(), h_drv.begin() + m - 1};
          // Step 2.c'
          r.resize(m);
          atcoder::internal::butterfly(r.m_vector);
          for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
            r[i] *= f_fft[i];
          }
          atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(r.m_vector);
          r /= -m;
          // Step 2.d'
          t += r;
          t.insert(t.begin(), t.back());
          t.pop_back();
        }

        // Step 2.e'
        if (2 * m < d) {
          t.resize(2 * m);
          atcoder::internal::butterfly(t.m_vector);
          g_fft = g;
          g_fft.resize(2*m);
          atcoder::internal::butterfly(g_fft.m_vector);
          for (int i = 0; i < 2 * m; ++i) {
            t[i] *= g_fft[i];
          }
          atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(t.m_vector);
          t.resize(m);
          t /= 2 * m;
        } else { // この場合分けをしても数パーセントしか速くならない
          F g1(g.begin() + m / 2, g.end());
          F s1(t.begin() + m / 2, t.end());
          t.resize(m/2);
          g1.resize(m);
          atcoder::internal::butterfly(g1.m_vector);
          t.resize(m);
          atcoder::internal::butterfly(t.m_vector);
          s1.resize(m);
          atcoder::internal::butterfly(s1.m_vector);
          for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
            s1[i] = g_fft[i] * s1[i] + g1[i] * t[i];
          }
          for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
            t[i] *= g_fft[i];
          }
          atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(t.m_vector);
          atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(s1.m_vector);
          for (int i = 0; i < m / 2; ++i) {
            t[i + m / 2] += s1[i];
          }
          t /= m;
        }

        // Step 2.f'
        F v(this->begin() + m, this->begin() + std::min<int>(d, 2 * m));
        v.resize(m);
        t.insert(t.begin(), m - 1, 0);
        t.push_back(0);
        t.integral_inplace();
        for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
          v[i] -= t[m + i];
        }

        // Step 2.g'
        v.resize(2 * m);
        atcoder::internal::butterfly(v.m_vector);
        for (int i = 0; i < 2 * m; ++i) {
          v[i] *= f_fft[i];
        }
        atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(v.m_vector);
        v.resize(m);
        v /= 2 * m;

        // Step 2.h'
        for (int i = 0; i < std::min(d - m, m); ++i) {
          (*this)[m + i] = v[i];
        }
      }
      return *this;
    }

  public:
    F& exp_inplace(const int d) {
      assert(d >= 0);
      assert(is_leq_lpf_of_M(d));
      assert(this->empty() || (*this)[0] == M::raw(0));

      if (d == 0) {
        this->clear();
        return *this;
      }

      if constexpr (atcoder::internal::is_static_modint<M>::value && M::mod() <= 2000000000 && tools::is_prime(M::mod())) {
        if (tools::pow2(tools::ceil_log2(d)) <= pow2_k(M::mod())) {
          return this->exp_inplace_faster(d);
        } else {
          return this->exp_inplace_regular(d);
        }
      } else {
        return this->exp_inplace_regular(d);
      }
    }
    F& exp_inplace() { return this->exp_inplace(this->size()); }
    F exp(const int d) const { return F(*this).exp_inplace(d); }
    F exp() const { return this->exp(this->size()); }

  private:
    F& pow_inplace_regular(long long k, const int d, const int l) {
      assert(k > 0);
      assert(d > 0);
      assert(l >= 0);
      assert(d - l * k > 0);

      this->erase(this->begin(), this->begin() + l);
      this->resize(d - l * k);

      F sum(d - l * k);
      for (F p = *this; k > 0; k /= 2, p *= p) {
        if (k & 1) sum += p;
      }

      *this = std::move(sum);
      this->insert(this->begin(), l * k, 0);
      return *this;
    }
    F& pow_inplace_faster(const long long k, const int d, const int l) {
      assert(k > 0);
      assert(d > 0);
      assert(l >= 0);
      assert(d - l * k > 0);
      assert(is_leq_lpf_of_M(d - l * k));
      assert(std::gcd((*this)[l].val(), M::mod()) == 1);

      M c{(*this)[l]};
      this->erase(this->begin(), this->begin() + l);
      *this /= c;
      this->log_inplace(d - l * k);
      *this *= k;
      this->exp_inplace();
      *this *= c.pow(k);
      this->insert(this->begin(), l * k, 0);
      return *this;
    }

  public:
    F& pow_inplace(const long long k, const int d) {
      assert(k >= 0);
      assert(d >= 0);

      const int n = this->size();
      if (d == 0) {
        this->clear();
        return *this;
      }
      if (k == 0) {
        *this = F(d);
        (*this)[0] = M(1);
        return *this;
      }

      int l = 0;
      while (l < n && (*this)[l] == M::raw(0)) ++l;
      if (l == n || l > (d - 1) / k) {
        return *this = F(d);
      }

      if (std::gcd((*this)[l].val(), M::mod()) == 1 && is_leq_lpf_of_M(d - l * k)) {
        return this->pow_inplace_faster(k, d, l);
      } else {
        return this->pow_inplace_regular(k, d, l);
      }
    }
    F& pow_inplace(const long long k) { return this->pow_inplace(k, this->size()); }
    F pow(const long long k, const int d) const { return F(*this).pow_inplace(k, d); }
    F pow(const long long k) const { return this->pow(k, this->size()); }

    F operator()(const F& g) const {
      assert(g.empty() || g[0] == M::raw(0));

      const int n = this->size();
      F h(n);
      if (n == 0) return h;

      const int m = g.size();
      int l;
      for (l = 0; l < std::min(m, n) && g[l] == M::raw(0); ++l);
      h[0] = (*this)[0];
      if (l == std::min(m, n)) return h;

      const F g_1(g.begin() + l, g.begin() + std::min(m, n));
      for (int i = l; i < std::min(m, n); ++i) {
        h[i] += (*this)[1] * g[i];
      }

      auto g_k = g_1;
      for (int k = 2, d; (d = std::min(k * (m - l - 1) + 1, n - l * k)) > 0; ++k) {
        g_k.multiply_inplace(g_1, d);
        for (int i = l * k; i < l * k + d; ++i) {
          h[i] += (*this)[k] * g_k[i - l * k];
        }
      }

      return h;
    }
    F compositional_inverse() const {
      assert(this->size() >= 2);
      assert((*this)[0] == M::raw(0));
      assert(std::gcd((*this)[1].val(), M::mod()) == 1);

      const int n = this->size();
      std::vector<F> f;
      f.reserve(std::max(2, n - 1));
      f.emplace_back(n);
      f[0][0] = M::raw(1);
      f.push_back(*this);
      for (int i = 2; i < n - 1; ++i) {
        f.push_back(f.back() * f[1]);
      }

      std::vector<M> invpow_f11;
      invpow_f11.reserve(n);
      invpow_f11.push_back(M::raw(1));
      invpow_f11.push_back(f[1][1].inv());
      for (int i = 2; i < n; ++i) {
        invpow_f11.push_back(invpow_f11.back() * invpow_f11[1]);
      }

      F g(n);
      g[1] = invpow_f11[1];
      for (int i = 2; i < n; ++i) {
        for (int j = 1; j < i; ++j) {
          g[i] -= f[j][i] * g[j];
        }
        g[i] *= invpow_f11[i];
      }

      return g;
    }

    friend F operator*(const F& f, const M& g) { return F(f) *= g; }
    friend F operator*(const M& f, const F& g) { return F(g) *= f; }
    friend F operator/(const F& f, const M& g) { return F(f) /= g; }
    friend F operator+(const F& f, const F& g) { return F(f) += g; }
    friend F operator-(const F& f, const F& g) { return F(f) -= g; }
    friend F operator*(const F& f, const F& g) { return F(f) *= g; }
    friend F operator/(const F& f, const F& g) { return F(f) /= g; }
    friend F operator<<(const F& f, const int d) { return F(f) <<= d; }
    friend F operator>>(const F& f, const int d) { return F(f) >>= d; }
  };

  template <tools::modint M>
  tools::fps<M> detail::exp::impl<tools::fps<M>>::operator()(auto&& f) const {
    return std::forward<decltype(f)>(f).exp();
  };
  template <tools::modint M>
  tools::fps<M> detail::log::impl<tools::fps<M>>::operator()(auto&& f) const {
    return std::forward<decltype(f)>(f).log();
  };
  template <tools::modint M, tools::integral E>
  tools::fps<M> detail::pow::impl<tools::fps<M>, E>::operator()(auto&& f, const E k) const {
    return std::forward<decltype(f)>(f).pow(k);
  };
}


#line 1 "tools/int128_t.hpp"



#line 5 "tools/int128_t.hpp"


#line 1 "tools/permutation.hpp"



#line 1 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/fenwicktree.hpp"



#line 6 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/fenwicktree.hpp"

#line 8 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/fenwicktree.hpp"

namespace atcoder {

// Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenwick_tree
template <class T> struct fenwick_tree {
    using U = internal::to_unsigned_t<T>;

  public:
    fenwick_tree() : _n(0) {}
    explicit fenwick_tree(int n) : _n(n), data(n) {}

    void add(int p, T x) {
        assert(0 <= p && p < _n);
        p++;
        while (p <= _n) {
            data[p - 1] += U(x);
            p += p & -p;
        }
    }

    T sum(int l, int r) {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= _n);
        return sum(r) - sum(l);
    }

  private:
    int _n;
    std::vector<U> data;

    U sum(int r) {
        U s = 0;
        while (r > 0) {
            s += data[r - 1];
            r -= r & -r;
        }
        return s;
    }
};

}  // namespace atcoder


#line 1 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/segtree.hpp"



#line 8 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/segtree.hpp"

#line 10 "lib/ac-library/atcoder/segtree.hpp"

namespace atcoder {

#if __cplusplus >= 201703L

template <class S, auto op, auto e> struct segtree {
    static_assert(std::is_convertible_v<decltype(op), std::function<S(S, S)>>,
                  "op must work as S(S, S)");
    static_assert(std::is_convertible_v<decltype(e), std::function<S()>>,
                  "e must work as S()");

#else

template <class S, S (*op)(S, S), S (*e)()> struct segtree {

#endif

  public:
    segtree() : segtree(0) {}
    explicit segtree(int n) : segtree(std::vector<S>(n, e())) {}
    explicit segtree(const std::vector<S>& v) : _n(int(v.size())) {
        size = (int)internal::bit_ceil((unsigned int)(_n));
        log = internal::countr_zero((unsigned int)size);
        d = std::vector<S>(2 * size, e());
        for (int i = 0; i < _n; i++) d[size + i] = v[i];
        for (int i = size - 1; i >= 1; i--) {
            update(i);
        }
    }

    void set(int p, S x) {
        assert(0 <= p && p < _n);
        p += size;
        d[p] = x;
        for (int i = 1; i <= log; i++) update(p >> i);
    }

    S get(int p) const {
        assert(0 <= p && p < _n);
        return d[p + size];
    }

    S prod(int l, int r) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= _n);
        S sml = e(), smr = e();
        l += size;
        r += size;

        while (l < r) {
            if (l & 1) sml = op(sml, d[l++]);
            if (r & 1) smr = op(d[--r], smr);
            l >>= 1;
            r >>= 1;
        }
        return op(sml, smr);
    }

    S all_prod() const { return d[1]; }

    template <bool (*f)(S)> int max_right(int l) const {
        return max_right(l, [](S x) { return f(x); });
    }
    template <class F> int max_right(int l, F f) const {
        assert(0 <= l && l <= _n);
        assert(f(e()));
        if (l == _n) return _n;
        l += size;
        S sm = e();
        do {
            while (l % 2 == 0) l >>= 1;
            if (!f(op(sm, d[l]))) {
                while (l < size) {
                    l = (2 * l);
                    if (f(op(sm, d[l]))) {
                        sm = op(sm, d[l]);
                        l++;
                    }
                }
                return l - size;
            }
            sm = op(sm, d[l]);
            l++;
        } while ((l & -l) != l);
        return _n;
    }

    template <bool (*f)(S)> int min_left(int r) const {
        return min_left(r, [](S x) { return f(x); });
    }
    template <class F> int min_left(int r, F f) const {
        assert(0 <= r && r <= _n);
        assert(f(e()));
        if (r == 0) return 0;
        r += size;
        S sm = e();
        do {
            r--;
            while (r > 1 && (r % 2)) r >>= 1;
            if (!f(op(d[r], sm))) {
                while (r < size) {
                    r = (2 * r + 1);
                    if (f(op(d[r], sm))) {
                        sm = op(d[r], sm);
                        r--;
                    }
                }
                return r + 1 - size;
            }
            sm = op(d[r], sm);
        } while ((r & -r) != r);
        return 0;
    }

  private:
    int _n, size, log;
    std::vector<S> d;

    void update(int k) { d[k] = op(d[2 * k], d[2 * k + 1]); }
};

}  // namespace atcoder


#line 1 "tools/mutable_type.hpp"



#line 5 "tools/mutable_type.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <typename T>
  concept mutable_type = !std::is_const_v<std::remove_reference_t<T>>;
}


#line 17 "tools/permutation.hpp"

namespace tools {
  template <tools::integral T>
  class permutation {
    std::vector<int> m_perm;
    std::vector<int> m_inv;

    static std::vector<long long> make_fact(const int n) {
      assert(0 <= n && n <= 20);
      std::vector<long long> fact(n);
      if (n > 0) {
        fact[0] = 1;
        for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
          fact[i] = fact[i - 1] * i;
        }
      }
      return fact;
    }

    void verify_consistency() const {
#ifndef NDEBUG
      std::vector<bool> unique(this->size(), true);
      for (const auto x : this->m_perm) {
        assert(0 <= x && x < this->size());
        assert(unique[x]);
        unique[x] = false;
      }
#endif
    }

    void make_inv() {
      this->m_inv.resize(this->size());
      for (int i = 0; i < this->size(); ++i) {
        this->m_inv[this->m_perm[i]] = i;
      }
    }

  public:
    class iterator {
      std::vector<int>::const_iterator m_it;

    public:
      using reference = T;
      using value_type = T;
      using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
      using pointer = const value_type*;
      using iterator_category = std::random_access_iterator_tag;

      iterator() = default;
      iterator(const std::vector<int>::const_iterator it) : m_it(it) {
      }

      reference operator*() const {
        return *this->m_it;
      }

      iterator& operator++() {
        ++this->m_it;
        return *this;
      }
      iterator operator++(int) {
        const auto self = *this;
        ++*this;
        return self;
      }
      iterator& operator--() {
        --this->m_it;
        return *this;
      }
      iterator operator--(int) {
        const auto self = *this;
        --*this;
        return self;
      }
      iterator& operator+=(const difference_type n) {
        this->m_it += n;
        return *this;
      }
      iterator& operator-=(const difference_type n) {
        this->m_it -= n;
        return *this;
      }
      friend iterator operator+(const iterator self, const difference_type n) {
        return iterator(self.m_it + n);
      }
      friend iterator operator+(const difference_type n, const iterator self) {
        return self + n;
      }
      friend iterator operator-(const iterator self, const difference_type n) {
        return iterator(self.m_it - n);
      }
      friend difference_type operator-(const iterator lhs, const iterator rhs) {
        return lhs.m_it - rhs.m_it;
      }
      reference operator[](const difference_type n) const {
        return *(*this + n);
      }

      friend bool operator==(const iterator lhs, const iterator rhs) {
        return lhs.m_it == rhs.m_it;
      }
      friend bool operator!=(const iterator lhs, const iterator rhs) {
        return lhs.m_it != rhs.m_it;
      }
      friend bool operator<(const iterator lhs, const iterator rhs) {
        return lhs.m_it < rhs.m_it;
      }
      friend bool operator<=(const iterator lhs, const iterator rhs) {
        return lhs.m_it <= rhs.m_it;
      }
      friend bool operator>(const iterator lhs, const iterator rhs) {
        return lhs.m_it > rhs.m_it;
      }
      friend bool operator>=(const iterator lhs, const iterator rhs) {
        return lhs.m_it >= rhs.m_it;
      }
    };

    permutation() = default;
    explicit permutation(const int n) : m_perm(std::views::iota(0, n) | std::ranges::to<std::vector>()), m_inv(std::views::iota(0, n) | std::ranges::to<std::vector>()) {
    }
    template <std::ranges::input_range R>
    requires std::convertible_to<std::ranges::range_reference_t<R>, int>
    permutation(R&& r) : m_perm(std::forward<R>(r) | std::ranges::to<std::vector<int>>()) {
      this->verify_consistency();
      this->make_inv();
    }

    int size() const {
      return this->m_perm.size();
    }
    T operator[](const int i) const {
      assert(0 <= i && i < this->size());
      return this->m_perm[i];
    }
    iterator begin() const {
      return this->m_perm.begin();
    }
    iterator end() const {
      return this->m_perm.end();
    }

    auto swap_from_left(this tools::mutable_type auto&& self, const int x, const int y) -> decltype(self) {
      assert(0 <= x && x < self.size());
      assert(0 <= y && y < self.size());
      self.m_inv[self.m_perm[y]] = x;
      self.m_inv[self.m_perm[x]] = y;
      std::swap(self.m_perm[x], self.m_perm[y]);
      return std::forward<decltype(self)>(self);
    }
    auto swap_from_right(this tools::mutable_type auto&& self, const int x, const int y) -> decltype(self) {
      assert(0 <= x && x < self.size());
      assert(0 <= y && y < self.size());
      self.m_perm[self.m_inv[y]] = x;
      self.m_perm[self.m_inv[x]] = y;
      std::swap(self.m_inv[x], self.m_inv[y]);
      return std::forward<decltype(self)>(self);
    }

    long long id() const {
      assert(this->size() <= 20);

      const auto fact = tools::permutation<T>::make_fact(this->size());
      atcoder::fenwick_tree<int> fw(this->size());
      for (int i = 0; i < this->size(); ++i) {
        fw.add(i, 1);
      }

      long long id = 0;
      for (int i = 0; i < this->size(); ++i) {
        id += fw.sum(0, this->m_perm[i]) * fact[this->size() - 1 - i];
        fw.add(this->m_perm[i], -1);
      }

      return id;
    }

    static tools::permutation<T> from(const int n, long long id) {
      assert(0 <= n && n <= 20);
      const auto fact = tools::permutation<T>::make_fact(n);
      assert(0 <= id && id < (n == 0 ? 1 : fact[n - 1] * n));
      atcoder::segtree<int, tools::groups::plus<int>::op, tools::groups::plus<int>::e> seg(std::vector<int>(n, 1));

      std::vector<int> p;
      p.reserve(n);
      for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        const auto c = id / fact[n - 1 - i];
        id -= c * fact[n - 1 - i];
        p.push_back(seg.max_right(0, [&](const auto sum) { return sum <= c; }));
        seg.set(p.back(), 0);
      }

      return tools::permutation<T>(std::move(p));
    }

    tools::permutation<T> inv() const {
      return tools::permutation<T>(this->m_inv);
    }
    auto inv_inplace(this tools::mutable_type auto&& self) -> decltype(self) {
      self.m_perm.swap(self.m_inv);
      return std::forward<decltype(self)>(self);
    }
    T inv(const int i) const {
      assert(0 <= i && i < this->size());
      return this->m_inv[i];
    }

    auto operator*=(this tools::mutable_type auto&& self, const tools::permutation<T>& other) -> decltype(self) {
      assert(self.size() == other.size());
      for (int i = 0; i < self.size(); ++i) {
        self.m_inv[i] = other.m_perm[self.m_perm[i]];
      }
      self.m_perm.swap(self.m_inv);
      self.make_inv();
      return std::forward<decltype(self)>(self);
    }
    tools::permutation<T> operator*(this auto&& lhs, const tools::permutation<T>& rhs) {
      return tools::permutation<T>(std::forward<decltype(lhs)>(lhs)) *= rhs;
    }

    friend bool operator==(const tools::permutation<T>& lhs, const tools::permutation<T>& rhs) {
      return lhs.m_perm == rhs.m_perm;
    }
    friend bool operator!=(const tools::permutation<T>& lhs, const tools::permutation<T>& rhs) {
      return lhs.m_perm != rhs.m_perm;
    }

    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const tools::permutation<T>& self) {
      os << '(';
      auto it = self.begin();
      const auto end = self.end();
      if (it != end) {
        os << *it;
        for (++it; it != end; ++it) {
          os << ", " << *it;
        }
      }
      return os << ')';
    }
    friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, tools::permutation<T>& self) {
      for (auto& value : self.m_perm) {
        is >> value;
      }
      self.verify_consistency();
      self.make_inv();
      return is;
    }
  };
}


#line 12 "tests/multiplicative_structure.test.cpp"

int main() {
  std::cin.tie(nullptr);
  std::ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);

  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<int>, tools::monoids::multiplies<int>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<tools::int128_t>, tools::monoids::multiplies<tools::int128_t>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<double>, tools::groups::multiplies<double>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<std::complex<double>>, tools::groups::multiplies<std::complex<double>>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<atcoder::modint998244353>, tools::groups::multiplies<atcoder::modint998244353>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<atcoder::static_modint<4>>, tools::monoids::multiplies<atcoder::static_modint<4>>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<atcoder::modint>, tools::groups::multiplies<atcoder::modint>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<tools::fps<atcoder::modint998244353>>, tools::groups::multiplies<tools::fps<atcoder::modint998244353>>>);
  static_assert(std::same_as<tools::multiplicative_structure<tools::permutation<int>>, tools::monoids::multiplies<tools::permutation<int>>>);

  return 0;
}

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